Ferrari
Euro Stoxx 50 component | |
ISIN | NL0011585146 |
---|---|
Industry | Automotive |
Founded | 13 September 1939Modena, Italy (as Auto Avio Costruzioni)[1] | in
Founder | Enzo Ferrari |
Headquarters |
44°31′57″N 10°51′51″E / 44.532447°N 10.864137°E |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people |
|
Products | Sports cars, luxury cars |
Production output | 13,663 units shipped (2023)[3] |
Revenue | €5.970 billion (2023)[3] |
€1.617 billion (2023)[3] | |
€ 1.257 billion (2023)[3] | |
Total assets | € 8.05 billion (2023)[3] |
Total equity | € 3.07 billion (2023)[3] |
Owners | |
Number of employees | 4,988 (2023)[3] |
Divisions | Scuderia Ferrari |
Website | www |
Footnotes / references [3] [4][5] |
Ferrari S.p.A. (
The company currently offers a large model range which includes several
Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where its team, Scuderia Ferrari, is the series' single oldest and most successful. Scuderia Ferrari has raced since 1929, first in Grand Prix events and later in Formula One, where since 1952 it has fielded fifteen champion drivers, won sixteen Constructors' Championships, and accumulated more race victories, 1–2 finishes, podiums, pole positions, fastest laps and points than any other team in F1 history.[9][10] Historically, Ferrari was also highly active in sports car racing, where its cars took many wins in races like the Mille Miglia, Targa Florio and 24 Hours of Le Mans, as well as several overall victories in the World Sportscar Championship. Scuderia Ferrari fans, commonly called tifosi, are known for their passion and loyalty to the team.
History
Early history
Late in 1937, Scuderia Ferrari was liquidated and absorbed into Alfa Romeo,
Under Enzo Ferrari
In 1945, Ferrari adopted its current name. Work started promptly on
In 1960, Ferrari was reorganized as a
Contemporary
Enzo Ferrari died in 1988, an event that saw Fiat expand its stake to 90%.[29] The last car that he personally approved — the F40 — expanded on the flagship supercar approach first tried by the 288 GTO four years earlier.[30] Enzo was replaced in 1991 by Luca Cordero di Montezemolo, under whose 23-year-long chairmanship the company greatly expanded. Between 1991 and 2014, he increased the profitability of Ferrari's road cars nearly tenfold, both by increasing the range of cars offered and through limiting the total number produced. Montezemolo's chairmanship also saw an expansion in licensing deals, a drastic improvement in Ferrari's Formula One performance (not least through the hiring of Michael Schumacher and Jean Todt), and the production of three more flagship cars: the F50, the Enzo, and the LaFerrari. In addition to his leadership of Ferrari, Montezemolo was also the chairman of Fiat proper between 2004 and 2010.[31]
After Montezemolo resigned, he was replaced in quick succession by many new chairmen and CEOs. He was succeeded first by
Motorsport
Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport. Through its works team, Scuderia Ferrari, it has competed in a range of categories including Formula One and sports car racing, though the company has also worked in partnership with other teams.
Grand Prix and Formula One racing
The earliest Ferrari entity,
Ferrari returned to Grand Prix racing in 1947, which was at that point metamorphosing into modern-day Formula One. The team's first homebuilt Grand Prix car, the 125 F1, was first raced at the 1948 Italian Grand Prix, where its encouraging performance convinced Enzo to continue the company's costly Grand Prix racing programme.[38]: 9 Ferrari's first victory in an F1 series was at the 1951 British Grand Prix, heralding its strong performance during the 1950s and early 1960s: between 1952 and 1964, the team took home six World Drivers' Championships and one Constructors' Championship. Notable Ferrari drivers from this era include Alberto Ascari, Juan Manuel Fangio, Phil Hill, and John Surtees.[9]
Ferrari's initial fortunes ran dry after 1964, and its began to receive its titles in isolated sprees.[10] Ferrari first started to slip in the late 1960s, when it was outclassed by teams using the inexpensive, well-engineered Cosworth DFV engine.[39][40] The team's performance improved markedly in the mid-1970s thanks to Niki Lauda, whose skill behind the wheel granted Ferrari a drivers' title in 1975 and 1977; similar success was accomplished in following years by the likes of Jody Scheckter and Gilles Villeneuve.[10][41] The team also won the Constructors' Championship in 1982 and 1983.[9][42]
Following another drought in the 1980s and 1990s, Ferrari saw a long winning streak in the 2000s, largely through the work of
Ferrari Driver Academy
Ferrari's junior driver programme is the Ferrari Driver Academy. Begun in 2009, the initiative follows the team's successful grooming of Felipe Massa between 2003 and 2006. Drivers who are accepted into the Academy learn the rules and history of formula racing as they compete, with Ferrari's support, in feeder classes such as Formula Three and Formula 4.[43][44][45] As of 2019, 5 out of 18 programme inductees had graduated and become F1 drivers: one of these drivers, Charles Leclerc, came to race for Scuderia Ferrari, while the other four signed to other teams. Non-graduate drivers have participated in racing development, filled consultant roles, or left the Academy to continue racing in lower-tier formulae.[45]
Sports car racing
Aside from an abortive effort in 1940, Ferrari began racing sports cars in 1947, when the 125 S won six out of the ten races it participated in. [16] Ferrari continued to see similar luck in the years to follow: by 1957, just ten years after beginning to compete, Ferrari had won three World Sportscar Championships, seven victories in the Mille Miglia, and two victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans, among many other races[20] These races were ideal environments for the development and promotion of Ferrari's earlier road cars, which were broadly similar to their racing counterparts.[46]
This luck continued into the first half of the 1960s, when Ferrari won the WSC's 2000GT class three consecutive times and finished first at Le Mans for six consecutive years.
In 2023, Ferrari reentered sports car racing. For the 2023 FIA World Endurance Championship, Ferrari, in partnership with AF Corse, fielded two 499P sports prototypes. To commemorate the company's return to the discipline, one of the cars was numbered "50", referencing the fifty years that had elapsed since a works Ferrari competed in an endurance race.[52][53] The 499P finished first at the 2023 24 Hours of Le Mans, ending Toyota Gazoo Racing's six-year winning streak there and becoming the first Ferrari in 58 years to win the race.[54]
Other disciplines
From 1932 to 1935 Scuderia Ferrari operated a motorcycle racing division, which was conceived as a way to scout and train future Grand Prix drivers. Instead of Italian motorcycles, the team used British ones manufactured by Norton and Rudge. Though Ferrari was successful on two wheels, winning three national titles and 44 overall victories, it was eventually pushed out of the discipline both by the obsolescence of pushrod motorcycle engines and broader economic troubles stemming from the Great Depression.[55][56]
Ferrari formerly participated in a variety of non-F1 open-wheel series. As early as 1948, Ferrari had developed cars for
At least two water speed record boats have utilized Ferrari powertrains, both of them 800kg-class hydroplanes from the early 1950s. Neither boat was built by or affiliated with Ferrari, though one of them, Arno XI, had its engine order approved directly by Enzo Ferrari. Arno XI still holds the top speed record for an 800kg hydroplane.[59][60]
Race cars for other teams
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) |
Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works
Ferrari supplied cars complete with V8 engines for the
Road cars
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|
The first vehicle made with the Ferrari name was the
.The original Ferrari road cars were typically two-seat front-engined V12s. This platform served Ferrari well through the 1950s and 1960s. In 1967, the V6 powered
For a time, Ferrari built 2+2 versions of its mid-engined V8 cars. Although they looked quite different from their 2-seat counterparts, both the GT4 and Mondial were closely related to the 308 GTB.[citation needed]
The company has also produced several front-engined 2+2 cars, culminating in the recent V12 model Lusso and V8 models Roma, Portofino and Lusso T. The California is credited with initiating the popular current model line of V8 front-engined 2+2 grand touring performance sports cars.[citation needed]
Starting in the early 2010s with the
The Ferrari SF90 Stradale is the first-ever Ferrari to feature PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle) architecture which sees the internal combustion engine integrated with three electric motors, two of which are independent and located on the front axle, with the third at the rear between the engine and the gearbox.[65]
Current models
Model | Calendar year introduced |
Vehicle description | |
---|---|---|---|
812 Superfast | 2017 | Front mid-engine, V12 grand tourer. | |
SF90 Stradale | 2019 | Mid-engine, plug-in hybrid V8 sports car. | |
Roma | 2020 | Front mid-engine, V8 grand tourer. | |
296 GTB
|
2022 | Mid-engine, plug-in hybrid V6 sports car. | |
Daytona SP3 | 2022 | Limited production mid-engine sports car, part of the new Icona range. | |
Purosangue | 2022 | Ferrari's first SUV; uses the same platform as the Roma. |
Customisation
In the 1950s and 1960s, clients often personalized their vehicles as they came straight from the factory.[66] This philosophy added to the mystique of the brand at the time. Every Ferrari that came out of Maranello could be built to an individual customer's specification.
Ferrari formalized this concept with its earlier Carrozzeria Scaglietti programme. The options offered here were more typical such as racing seats, rearview cameras, and other special trim. In late 2011, Ferrari announced a significant update of this philosophy. The Tailor Made programme allows clients to work with designers in Maranello to make decisions at every step of the process. Through this program almost any trim, any exterior colour or any interior material is possible. The program carries on the original tradition and emphasizes the idea of each car being unique.[66]
"Big 5" supercars
The 1984
Concept cars and specials
Ferrari has produced a handful of concept cars such as the Modulo, Mythos, and Pinin. Some of these were quite radical and never intended for production, while others showed styling elements that were later incorporated into production models. Most of Ferrari's concept cars have been collaborations with design studio Pininfarina. The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 Millechili.
A number of
Ferrari Special Projects
The Special Projects programme, also called the Portfolio Coachbuilding Programme, was launched in 2008 as a way to revive the tradition of past one-off and limited production coachbuilt Ferrari models, allowing clients to work with Ferrari and top Italian coachbuilders to create bespoke bodied models based on modern Ferrari road cars.[70][71] Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external design houses like Pininfarina or Fioravanti, and the vehicles receive full homologation to be road legal.[71] Since the creation of Ferrari's in-house styling centre in 2010 though, the focus has shifted away somewhat from outside coachbuilders and more towards creating new in-house designs for clients.[72][73]
The first car to be completed under this programme was the 2008
Name | Picture | Year | Based on | Commissioned by | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SP1 | 2008 | F430[74] | Junichiro Hiramatsu[74] | Designed by Leonardo Fioravanti, inspired by the 1998 F100 concept by Fioravanti.[74] | |
P540 Superfast Aperta
|
2009 | 599 GTB[75]
|
Edward Walson[75] | Inspired by a similarly gold-painted and open-topped one-off built by Carrozzeria Fantuzzi on a Ferrari 330 LMB chassis.[71][75] Designed by Pininfarina. | |
Superamerica 45
|
2011 | 599 GTB[76]
|
Peter Kalikow[76] | Features a rotating targa top;[76] designed by Ferrari Styling Centre. | |
SP12 EC
|
2012 | 458 Italia[77] | Eric Clapton[77] | Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre and Pininfarina, in homage to the 512 BB.[77] | |
SP30 | 2013[78] | 599 GTO[78]
|
Cheerag Arya[78] | Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre. | |
SP FFX | 2014 | FF[79] | Shin Okamoto[79] | Designed by Pininfarina.[79] | |
F12 TRS | 2014 | F12berlinetta[80]
|
— | Barchetta body, inspired by the Ferrari 250 Testa Rossa. Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre.[80] | |
SP America | 2014 | F12berlinetta
|
Danny Wegman[81]
|
Designed by Pininfarina. | |
458 MM Speciale | 2016 | 458 Speciale[82]
|
— | Designed by Ferrari Styling Centre.[82] | |
SP275 RW Competizione | 2016 | F12tdf
|
Rick Workman[83] | Inspired by the 1964 275 GTB/C Speciale. Designed by Pininfarina in collaboration with Ferrari Styling Centre.[84]
| |
J50 | 2017 | 488 Spider | N/A | Designed by Ferrari Design Center team in Maranello directed by Flavio Manzoni.[85] | |
SP38 | 2018 | 488 GTB
|
— | Inspired by the F40 and 308.[86] | |
SP3JC | 2018 | F12tdf
|
John Collins[87] | Designed by the Ferrari Styling Centre. Two matching cars ordered, one in RHD with different liveries.[88] Took 3.5 years to complete. Presented in 2018.
| |
P80/C | 2019 | 488 GT3 | TK Mak[89] | One-off track-only car inspired by the 330 P3, 330 P4 and the Dino 206 S. | |
Omologata | 2020 | 812 Superfast | — | Designed by Ferrari Design Center team in Maranello directed by Flavio Manzoni.[90] | |
BR20 | 2021 | GTC4Lusso | — | Fastback coupé instead of a shooting brake. Inspired by the 500 Superfast.[91]
| |
SP48 Unica | 2022 | F8 Tributo | — | [92] | |
SP51 | 2022 | 812 GTS | — | [93] | |
KC23 | 2023 | 488 GT3 Evo | — | [94] | |
SP-8 | 2023 | F8 | — | [95] |
Bio-fuel and hybrid cars
An
Naming conventions
From the beginning, the Ferrari naming convention consisted of a three-digit unitary displacement of an engine cylinder with an additional suffix representing the purpose of a vehicle. Therefore,
Until the early 1990s, Ferrari followed a three-number naming scheme based on engine displacement and a number of cylinders:
- 458 Italia, uses the same naming as the 206 and 348. The 488uses the system formerly used by the V12 cars.
- 612.
- 365 GT4 BB, which was named in a similar manner to the V12 models.
- Flagship models (aka "halo cars") use the letter F followed by the anniversary in years, such as the Enzoskipped this rule, although the F60 name was applied to a Ferrari Formula One car and is sometimes attached to the Enzo.
- Some models, such as the 1980 Mondial and 1984 Testarossa did not follow a three-number naming scheme.
Most Ferraris were also given designations referring to their body style. In general, the following conventions were used:
- M ("Modificata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor and not a complete evolution (see F512 M and 575 M Maranello).
- GTB ("Gran Turismo Berlinetta") models are closed coupés.
- GTS ("Gran Turismo Scoperta") this suffix can be seen in older spiders, or Dino 246 GTS, and F355 GTS), which is an absolutely correct use of the suffix since "scoperta" means "uncovered". An increasing number of people tend to refer to GTS as "Gran Turismo Spyder", which creates the false assumption that Ferrari does not know the difference between "spyder" and "targa". The 348 TS, which is the only targa named differently, is an exception.
- GTO ("Gran Turismo Omologata"), placed at the end of a model's number, denotes a modified version of its predecessor. It designates a model that has been designed and improved for racetrack use while still being street legal. Only three models bear those three letters: the 250 GTO of 1962, the 288 GTO of 1984, and the 599 GTO of 2010.
This naming system can be confusing, as some entirely different vehicles used the same engine type and body style. Many Ferraris also had other names affixed (like Daytona) to identify them further. Many such names are actually not official factory names. The Daytona name commemorates Ferrari's triple success in the February 1967 24 Hours of Daytona with the 330 P4.[98] Only in the 1973 Daytona 24 Hours, a 365 GTB/4 run by NART (who raced Ferraris in America) ran second, behind a Porsche 911.[99]
The various
In the mid-1990s, Ferrari added the letter "F" to the beginning of all models (a practice abandoned after the F512 M and F355, but adopted again with the F430, but not with its successor, the Ferrari 458).
Identity
The "Prancing Horse"
Ferrari's symbol is the "Prancing Horse" (Italian: Cavallino Rampante, lit. 'little prancing horse'), a prancing black horse on a yellow background. Minor details of its appearance have changed many times, but its shape has remained consistent: it is always presented either as a shield, with the Italian tricolour above the horse and the initials SF ("Scuderia Ferrari") below; or as a rectangle, replacing "SF" with the word "Ferrari" rendered in the company's trademark typeface.[100]
Enzo Ferrari offered an account of the horse's origins. In his story, after a 1923 victory in Ravenna, the family of Francesco Baracca, a deceased flying ace who painted the emblem on his airplane, paid him a visit. Paolina de Biancoli, Francesco's mother, suggested that Ferrari adopt the horse as a good luck charm: he accepted the request, and the Prancing Horse was first used by his racing team in 1932, applied to their Alfa Romeo 8C with the addition of a canary yellow background — the "colour of Modena", Enzo's hometown.[100][12]: 43 The rectangular Prancing Horse has been used since 1947, when the Ferrari 125 S — also the first Ferrari-branded sports car — became the first to wear it.[100]
Colour
For many years, rosso corsa ('racing red')[101] was the required colour of all Italian racing cars. It is also closely associated with Ferrari: even after livery regulations changed, allowing race teams to deviate from their national colours, Scuderia Ferrari continued to paint its cars bright red, as it does to this day.[102] On Ferrari's road-going cars, the colour has always been among the company's most popular choices: in 2012, 40 per cent of Ferraris left the factory painted red, while in the early 1990s the figure was even higher, at 85 per cent.[101][103] Some Ferrari vehicles, like the 288 GTO, have only been made available in red.[101]
Although rosso corsa is the colour most associated with Ferrari, In a particularly noteworthy case from 1964, while protesting the
Speaking to both the popularity of rosso corsa and the power of the Ferrari brand, Enzo Ferrari is reported to have once said the following: "Ask a child to draw a car, and he will certainly paint it red."[101]
Brand image
Ferrari meticulously manages its
Ferrari aims to cultivate an image of exclusivity and refined luxury. To facilitate this, vehicle production is deliberately limited to below customer demand, and purchasers are internally ranked based on their desirability and loyalty.[114] Some cars may only be purchased by customers who have already owned multiple Ferraris,[115] and the company's most exclusive supercars, such as the LaFerrari, have wait lists many times in excess of total production, with only the most loyal customers selected to purchase one.[116] In 2015, the company's head of sales stated that the purpose of this strategy was to maintain the brand's value, and to "keep alive this dream that is called Ferrari."[114]
Sometimes, Ferrari's desire to maintain its brand perception goes against the wishes of its clientele. In one case, the company sued the fashion designer Philipp Plein over "distasteful" Instagram posts featuring his personal 812 Superfast. The posts, which showcased two models in suggestive positions atop the car, were seen by Ferrari as "unlawfully appropriating" the Ferrari brand to promote Plein's clothing, and as being outside Ferrari's intended brand perception.[117] Furthermore, the company places restrictions on what owners may do with their cars: they are not allowed to undertake certain modifications,[112] and the company's right of first refusal contract, designed to discourage speculation and flipping, prohibits unauthorised sales within the first two years of ownership.[118][unreliable source?] Purchasers who break these rules are placed on a "blacklist", and may not be permitted to buy a Ferrari vehicle through official means.[119] These owner restrictions came to high profile in 2014, when the musician Deadmau5 was sent a cease and desist letter regarding his highly customised 458 Italia: the car, which he dubbed the "Purrari", possessed custom badges and a Nyan Cat-themed wrap, and was put up for sale on Craigslist.[112][120]
Ferrari does encourage its buyers to personalise their cars, but only through official channels, which include its Tailor Made programme for bespoke
Corporate affairs
In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was approached by the Ford Motor Company about a possible buy out.[123] Ford audited Ferrari's assets but legal negotiations and talks were unilaterally cut off by Ferrari when he realized that the deal offered by Ford would not enable him to stay at the helm of the company racing program. Henry Ford II consequently directed his racing division to negotiate with Lotus, Lola, and Cooper to build a car capable of beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit, eventually resulting in the production of the Ford GT40 in 1964.
As the Ford deal fell through, FIAT approached Ferrari with a more flexible proposal and purchased controlling interests in the company in 1969. Enzo Ferrari retained a 10% share, which is currently owned by his son
Ferrari has an internally managed merchandising line that licences many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and laptop computers.
Ferrari also runs a museum, the Museo Ferrari in Maranello, which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history.[124][125]
Formula Uomo programme
In 1997, Ferrari launched a long term master planned effort to improve overall corporate efficiency, production and employee happiness. The program was called Formula Uomo and became a case study in social sustainability.[126] It took over ten years to fully implement and included over €200 million (2008) in investment.[127]
Technical partnerships
Ferrari has had a long-standing relationship with petroleum company
Ferrari has had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and currently supply the Sauber
Sales history
As of the end of 2019, the total of Ferrari built and sold cars in their whole company history is 219,062.[131]
In October 2023, Ferrari started accepting payment in cryptocurrency for its vehicles in the US with intentions to expand the scheme to Europe in 2024. The cryptocurrency payments will be immediately traded into traditional currency to avoid price swings.[132] [133]
- Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)
Year | Sales |
---|---|
1947[134] | ‡3 |
1948[134] | ‡5 |
1949[134] | ‡21 |
1950[134] | ‡25 |
1951[134] | ‡33 |
1952[134] | ‡44 |
1953[134] | ‡57 |
1954[134] | ‡58 |
1955[134] | ‡61 |
1956[134] | ‡81 |
1957[134] | ‡113 |
1958[134] | ‡183 |
1959[134] | ‡248 |
1960[134] | ‡306 |
1961[134] | ‡441 |
1962[134] | ‡493 |
1963[134] | ‡598 |
1964[134] | ‡654 |
1965[134] | ‡619 |
1966[134] | ‡928 |
Year | Sales |
---|---|
1967[134] | ‡706 |
1968[134] | ‡729 |
1969[134] | ‡619 |
1970[134] | ‡928 |
1971[134] | ‡1,246 |
1972[134] | ‡1,844 |
1973[134] | ‡1,772 |
1974[134] | ‡1,436 |
1975[134] | ‡1,337 |
1976[134] | ‡1,426 |
1977[135] | ‡1,798 |
1978[134] | ‡1,939 |
1979[134] | ‡2,221 |
1980[134] | ‡2,470 |
1981[134] | ‡2,565 |
1982[134] | ‡2,209 |
1983[136] | ‡2,366 |
1984[137] | ‡2,856 |
1985[135] | 3,051 |
1986[135] | 3,663 |
Year | Sales |
---|---|
1987[138] | 3,942 |
1988[139] | 4,001 |
1989[139] | 3,821 |
1990[140] | 4,293 |
1991[140] | 4,487 |
1992[140] | 3,384 |
1993[140] | 2,345 |
1994[140] | 2,671 |
1995[140] | 3,144 |
1996[141] | 3,350 |
1997[141] | 3,581 |
1998[142] | 3,652 |
1999[142] | 3,775 |
2000[143] | 4,070 |
2001[144] | 4,289 |
2002[145] | 4,236 |
2003[146] | 4,238 |
2004[147] | 4,975 |
2005[148] | 5,409 |
2006[149] | 5,671 |
Year | Sales |
---|---|
2007[150] | 6,465 |
2008[151] | 6,587 |
2009[152] | 6,250 |
2010[153] | 6,461 |
2011[154] | 7,001 |
2012[155] | 7,318 |
2013[156] | 6,922 |
2014[157] | †7,255 |
2015[158] | †7,664 |
2016[159] | †8,014 |
2017[160] | †8,398 |
2018[161] | †9,251 |
2019[162] | †10,131 |
2020[163] | †9,119 |
2021[164] | 11,115 |
2022[165] | 13,221 |
- ‡ Figure refers to units produced rather than to units sold.
- † Figure refers to units shipped rather than to units sold.
Recalls
In January 2020, the Italian carmaker said it will recall 982 vehicles for passenger airbags due to the Takata airbag recalls.[166] If the inflator explodes, the airbag will spew metal shrapnel at passengers, which can cause severe injury.[166][167] Every car involved will get a new passenger-side airbag assembly, complete with a new inflator without the dangerous propellant.[166]
On 8 August 2022, the company recalled almost every car it's sold in the US since 2005 over a potential for brake failure.[168][169] According to an NHTSA recall filing, 23,555 Ferrari models sold in America are fitted with a potentially faulty brake fluid reservoir cap that may not vent pressure adequately.[168] The affected cars will be fitted with a replacement cap and receive a software update.[168]
Stores and attractions
Roughly thirty Ferrari
There are also two Ferrari-themed
See also
- List of Ferrari road cars
- List of Ferrari engines
- List of Ferrari competition cars
- Scuderia Ferrari
- List of car brands
- List of companies of Italy
Notes
- 250 LM Stradale and 365 P Berlinetta Speciale. Both were based on preexisting mid-engined racing cars, and were produced in extremely limited numbers.[25][26]
References
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General references
- Gustafson, Eric, "Cavallino Rampante", Sports Car International (Oct/Nov 2000): 94.
- Adler, Dennis, Ferrari: The Road from Maranello. Random House, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4000-6463-2.