Gruiformes

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Grui" redirects here. For other uses, see Grui (disambiguation).

Gruiformes
Temporal range:
Ma
Possibly an earlier origin based on molecular clock[3]
Crested crane
, Balearica regulorum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Clade: Neoaves
Order: Gruiformes
Bonaparte
, 1854
Families

Some 5–10 living, see article text.

Global distribution of the cranes and allies.

The Gruiformes /ˈɡruːɪfɔːrmiːz/ are an order containing a considerable number of living and extinct bird families, with a widespread geographical diversity. Gruiform means "crane-like".

Traditionally, a number of wading and terrestrial bird families that did not seem to belong to any other order were classified together as Gruiformes. These include 15 species of large

Psophiidae
. Other birds have been placed in this order more out of necessity to place them somewhere; this has caused the expanded Gruiformes to lack distinctive
apomorphies
. Recent studies indicate that these "odd Gruiformes" are if at all only loosely related to the cranes, rails, and relatives ("core Gruiformes").

Rails
are one of the most widespread Gruiformes

Systematics

There are only two suprafamilial clades (natural groups) among the birds traditionally classified as Gruiformes. Rails (

Otididae
) each represent distinct and unrelated lineages. Many families known only from fossils have been assigned to the Gruiformes, e.g., Ergilornithidae, Phorusrhacidae, Messelornithidae, Eogruidae, Idiornithidae, Bathornithidae, to name just a few (see below). Though some of these are superficially 'crane-like' and the possibility exists that some may even be related to extant families traditionally included in the Gruiformes, there are no completely extinct families that can be confidently assigned to core-Gruiformes.

The traditional order Gruiformes was established by the influential German avian comparative anatomist Max Fürbringer (1888). Over the decades, many ornithologists suggested that members of the order were in fact more closely related to other groups (reviewed by Olson 1985, Sibley and Ahlquist 1990). For example, it was thought that sunbittern might be related to herons and that seriemas might be related to cuckoos. Olson and Steadman (1981) were first to correctly disband any of the traditional Gruiformes. They recognized that the Australian plains-wanderer (family Pedionomidae) was actually a member of the shorebirds (order Charadriiformes) based on skeletal characters. This was confirmed by Sibley and Ahlquist (1990) based on DNA–DNA hybridization and subsequently by Paton et al. (2003), Paton and Baker (2006) and Fain and Houde (2004, 2006). Sibley and Ahlquist furthermore removed button-quails (Turnicidae) from the Gruiformes based on large DNA–DNA hybridization distances to other supposed Gruiformes. However, it was not until the work of Paton et al. (2004) and Fain and Houde (2004, 2006) that the correct placement of buttonquails within the shorebirds (order Charadriiformes) was documented on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of multiple genetic loci. Using 12S ribosomal DNA sequences, Houde et al. (1997) were the first to present molecular genetic evidence of gruiform polyphyly, although apparently they were not convinced by it. However, on the basis of numerous additional sequence data, it has been shown decisively that the traditionally recognized Gruiformes consist of five to seven unrelated clades (Fain and Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008).

Fain and Houde (2004) proposed that Neoaves are divisible into two clades, Metaves and Coronaves, although it has been suggested from the start that Metaves may be paraphyletic (Fain and Houde 2004, Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008). Sunbittern, kagu, and mesites all group within Metaves but all the other lineages of "Gruiformes" group either with a collection of waterbirds or landbirds within Coronaves. This division has been upheld by the combined analysis of as many as 30 independent loci (Ericson et al. 2006, Hackett et al. 2008), but is dependent on the inclusion of one or two specific loci in the analyses. One locus, i.e., mitochondrial DNA, contradicts the strict monophyly of Coronaves (Morgan-Richards et al. 2008), but phylogeny reconstruction based on mitochondrial DNA is complicated by the fact that few families have been studied, the sequences are heavily saturated (with back mutations) at deep levels of divergence, and they are plagued by strong base composition bias.

The

Gondwanaland and the adzebills are in fact members of the Grues (Houde et al. 1997, Houde 2009). The seriemas and bustards
represent distinct lineages within neoavian waterbirds.

Phylogeny

Gruiformes 

Psophiidae
– trumpeters

Aramidae – limpkin

Gruidae
– cranes

Rallidae
– rails, crakes and coots

Heliornithidae – finfoots

Sarothruridae – flufftails

Phylogeny of the extant Gruiformes.[5][6]

Gruiformes[7][8]

  • Family †
    Songziidae
    Hou, 1990
  • Suborder Grui
    • Superfamily Gruoidea Vigors, 1825
      • Family †Geranoididae Wetmore, 1933
      • Family †
        Parvigruidae
        Mayr, 2005
      • Family Aramidae Bonaparte, 1854 (limpkin)
        • Genus †Badistornis Wetmore, 1940
        • Genus
          Notherodius
           Wagler, 1827] (limpkins)
      • Family
        Psophiidae
        Bonaparte, 1831 (trumpeters)
      • Family †Eogruidae Wetmore, 1934
      • Family
        Gruidae
        (cranes)
        • Genus †Camusia Seguí, 2002
        • Subfamily
          Balearicinae
          Brasil, 1913
        • Subfamily Gruinae Vigors, 1825
          • Genus †"Grus" conferta Miller & Sibley, 1942 [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001]
          • Genus †"Probalearica" mongolica Kurochkin, 1985
          • Genus †Palaeogrus Portis, 1885 [Palaeogrus Salvadori, 1884 nomen nudum]
          • Genus
            Antigone
             (Linnaeus, 1758)
          • Genus
            Leucogeranus
             (Pallas, 1773)
          • Genus Grus Brisson, 1760 non Moehring, 1758 [Anthropoides Vieillot, 1816; Bugeranus Gloger, 1841; Megalornis Gray, 1841; Leucogeranus Bonaparte, 1855; Mathewsena Iredale, 1914; Mathewsia Iredale, 1911; Limnogeranus Sharpe, 1893; Laomedontia Reichenbach, 1852; Philorchemon Gloger, 1842; Scops Gray, 1840 non Moehring, 1758 non Bruennich, 1772 npn Savigny, 1809] (cranes)
  • Suborder
    Ralli
    • Family †Aptornithidae (adzebills)
      • Genus †
        Aptornis
         Owen, 1844
    • Family Sarothruridae (flufftails)
      • Genus Mentocrex Peters, 1933 (wood rails)
      • Genus
        Sarothrura
         Heine, 1890 non Hasselt, 1823 [Corethrura Reichenbach, 1849 non Hope, 1843 non Gray, 1846; Daseioura Penhallurick, 2003] (flufftails)
    • Family Heliornithidae Gray, 1841 (finfoots and sungrebe)
      • Genus
        Heliopais
         Sharpe, 1893 (Asian/masked finfoots)
      • Genus
        Podica
         Lesson, 1831 [Rhigelura Wagler, 1832; Podoa Bonaparte, 1857 non Illiger, 1811] (African finfoots)
      • Genus
        Heliornis
         Bonnaterre, 1791 [Podoa Illiger, 1811 non Bonaparte, 1857; Plotoides Brookes, 1830; Podia Swainson, 1837] (sungrebe, American finfoot)
    • Family
      Rallidae
      (crakes, moorhens, gallinules, and rails)
      • Genus †Aletornis Marsh, 1872 [Protogrus]
      • Genus †Australlus Worthy & Boles, 2011
      • Genus †Baselrallus De Pietri & Mayr, 2014
      • Genus †Belgirallus Mayr & Smith, 2001
      • Genus †
        Capellirallus
         Falla, 1954 (snipe-billed rail)
      • Genus †Creccoides Shufeldt, 1892
      • Genus †Eocrex Wetmore, 1931
      • Genus †Euryonotus Mercerat, 1897
      • Genus †Fulicaletornis Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †
        Hovacrex
         Brodkorb, 1965 (Hova gallinule)
      • Genus †Ibidopsis Lydekker, 1891
      • Genus †Latipons Harrison & Walker, 1979
      • Genus †Miofulica Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †Miorallus Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †Nesophalaris Brodkorb & Dawson, 1962
      • Genus †Palaeoaramides Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †Palaeorallus Wetmore, 1931
      • Genus †Paraortygometra Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †Parvirallus Harrison & Walker, 1979
      • Genus †Pastushkinia Zelenkov, 2013
      • Genus †Quercyrallus Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †Rallicrex Lambrecht, 1933
      • Genus †Rhenanorallus Mayr, 2010
      • Genus †Vitirallus Worthy, 2004 (Viti Levu rails)
      • Genus †Wanshuina Hou, 1994
      • Genus †Youngornis Yeh, 1981
      • Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. [
        Fulica podagrica
         (partim)] (Barbados rail)
      • Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Easter Island rail)
      • Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Fernando de Noronha rail)
      • Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Tahitian "goose”)
      • Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. (Bokaak "bustard")
      • Genus †Rallidae gen. et sp. indet. ('Amsterdam Island' rail)
      • Genus
        Rougetius
         Bonaparte, 1856 (Rouget's Rails)
      • Subfamily Rallinae Rafinesque, 1815
        • Genus †Pleistorallus Worthy, 1997 (Fleming's rails)
        • Genus Anurolimnas Sharpe, 1893 (Chestnut-headed Crakes)
        • Genus Biensis (Madagascan Rails)
        • Genus Rallicula Schlegel, 1871 [Corethruropsis Salvadori, 1876] (forest-rails)
        • Genus Rallus Linnaeus, 1758 [†Epirallus Miller, 1942]
        • Genus †
          Aphanapteryx
           von Frauenfeld, 1868 [Pezocrex Hachisuka, 1953] (Mauritius/Red rails)
        • Genus †
          Erythromachus
           Milne-Edwards, 1873 (Rodriquez rails)
        • Genus Dryolimnas Sharpe, 1893
        • Genus
          Crecopsis
           Sharpe, 1893] (greater crakes)
        • Genus Lewinia Gray, 1855 [Aramidopsis Sharpe, 1893; Donacias Heine & Reichenow, 1890; Hyporallus Iredale & Mathews, 1926]
        • Genus
          Canirallus
           Bonaparte, 1856 (grey-throated rail)
        • Genus Gymnocrex Salvadori, 1875 (bare-faced rails)
        • Genus
          Diaphorapteryx Forbes, 1893; Hypotaenidia Reichenbach, 1853; Sylvestrornis
          Mathews, 1928]
      • Subfamily Gallinulinae Gray, 1840
        • Tribe Pardirallini Livezey, 1998 [Aramidinae] (Wood-rails & allies)
          • Genus Pardirallus Bonaparte, 1856 [Ortygonax Heine, 1890]
          • Genus Mustelirallus Bonaparte, 1858 [Neocrex Sclater & Salvin, 1869; Cyanolimnas Barbour & Peters, 1927]
          • Genus
            Amaurolimnas
             Sharpe 1893 (Rufous rails; Uniform crakes)
          • Genus Aramides Pucheran, 1845
        • Tribe Gallinulini Gray, 1840 [Fulicarinae (Nitzsch, 1820) sensu Livezey, 1998]
          • Genus Tribonyx Du Bus de Gisignies, 1840 [Brachyptrallus Lafresnaye, 1840; Microtribonyx Sharpe, 1893] (native-hens)
          • Genus Porzana Vieillot, 1816 [Limnobaenus Sundevall, 1872; Phalaridion Kaup, 1829; Porzanoidea Mathews, 1912; Porzanoides Condon, 1975; Rallites Pucheran, 1845; Schoenocrex Roberts, 1922; Porphyriops Pucheran, 1845]
          • Genus
            Paragallinula
             Sangster, García-R & Trewick, 2015 (Lesser Moorhen)
          • Genus
            Gallinula
             Brisson, 1760 [Hydrogallina Lacépède, 1799; Stagnicola Brehm, 1831; Porphyriornis Allen, 1892 Pareudiastes Hartlaub & Finsch, 1871 Edithornis]
          • Genus
            Fulica
             Linnaeus, 1758 [†Palaeolimnas Forbes, 1893]
      • Subfamily Porphyrioninae Reichenbach, 1849
        • Tribe Porphyrionini Reichenbach, 1849 (Purple gallinules & swamphens)
          • Genus †
            Aphanocrex
             Wetmore, 1963 (St. Helena swamphens)
          • Genus
            Porphyrio
             Brisson, 1760 [Notornis Owen, 1848]
        • Tribe Himantornithini Bonaparte, 1856 (Bush-hens & Waterhens)
          • Genus
            Himantornis
             Hartlaub, 1855 (Nkulenga rails)
          • Genus
            Megacrex
             D'Albertis & Salvadori, 1879 (New Guinea Flightless Rails)
          • Genus
            Aenigmatolimnas
             (Striped Crakes)
          • Genus
            Gallicrex
             Blyth, 1852 [Gallinulopha Bonaparte, 1854; Hypnodes Reichenbach, 1853] (Watercocks)
          • Genus
            Poliolimnas
             Sharpe, 1893] (Bush-hen)
        • Tribe Zaporniini Des Murs, 1860 (Old world crakes)
          • Genus Rallina Gray, 1846 [Euryzona Gray, 1855; Tomirdus Mathews, 1912] (chestnut-rails)
          • Genus Zapornia Stephens, 1824 [Limnocorax Peters, 1854; Limnobaenus; Corethrura Grey, 1846]
        • Tribe Laterallini Tif, 2014 (New world crakes)
          • Genus
            Micropygia
             Bonaparte, 1856 (Ocellated Crakes)
          • Genus Rufirallus (russet-crowned crake)
          • Genus Laterallus Gray, 1855 (ruddy crakes)
          • Genus Coturnicops Gray, 1855 (barred-backed crakes)
          • Genus
            Hapalocrex
             (Yellow-breasted Crakes)
          • Genus Limnocrex
          • Genus Mundia Bourne, Ashmole & Simmons, 2003 (Ascension Island Crakes)
          • Genus Creciscus Cabanis, 1857 [Atlantisia Lowe, 1923] (blackish crakes)
    • Not placed in family
      • Genus †Nesotrochis Wetmore, 1918 (West Indian cave-rails)

When considered to be monophyletic, it was assumed that Gruiformes was among the more ancient of avian lineages. The divergence of "gruiforms" among "Metaves" and "Coronaves" is proposed to be the first divergence among Neoaves, far predating the

mya (Houde 2009). No unequivocal basal gruiforms are known from the fossil record. However, there are several genera
that are not unequivocally assignable to the known families and that may occupy a more basal position:

  • Propelargus (Late Eocene/Early Oligocene of Quercy, France) – cariamid or idornithid
  • Rupelrallus (Early Oligocene of Germany) – rallid? parvigruid?
  • Badistornis (Brule Middle Oligocene of Shannon County, Missouri) – aramid?
  • Probalearica (Late Oligocene? – Middle Pliocene of Florida, France?, Moldavia and Mongolia) – gruid? A nomen dubium?
  • "Gruiformes" gen. et sp. indet. MNZ S42623 (Bathans Early/Middle Miocene of Otago, New Zealand) – Aptornithidae?
  • Aramornis (Sheep Creek Middle Miocene of Snake Creek Quarries, U.S.) – gruid? aramid?
  • Euryonotus (Pleistocene of Argentina) – rallid?

Other even more enigmatic fossil birds and five living families are occasionally suggested to belong into this order, such as the proposed

Laornithidae
and the following taxa:

See also

References

  1. ^ Mourer-Chaviré C. (1995) The Messelornithidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Paleogene of France. - Cour. Forsch.-Inst. Senckenberg, 181: 95-105
  2. ISBN 978-1-119-02076-9
    .
  3. PMID 32781465
    .
  4. PMID 17419074. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 2008-10-13.
  5. S2CID 6472805
    .
  6. S2CID 205246158
    .
  7. ^ Paleofile.com (net, info) "Paleofile.com". Archived from the original on 2016-01-11. Retrieved 2015-12-30.. "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  8. ^
    S2CID 87692869
    .
  9. ^
    ISBN 0-7136-7904-2

External links

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