HMAS Perth (D29)

Coordinates: 05°51′42″S 106°7′52″E / 5.86167°S 106.13111°E / -5.86167; 106.13111
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For other ships with the same name, see HMAS Perth and HMS Amphion.

05°51′42″S 106°7′52″E / 5.86167°S 106.13111°E / -5.86167; 106.13111

Perth
History
United Kingdom
NameAmphion
NamesakeAmphion
Builder
HM Dockyard, Portsmouth
Laid down26 June 1933
Launched27 July 1934
Commissioned15 June 1936
IdentificationPennant number: I29
FateSold to Royal Australian Navy, June 1939
Australia
NamePerth
NamesakeCity of
Perth, Western Australia
Acquired1939
Commissioned29 June 1939
IdentificationPennant number: D29
Motto
  • Floreat
  • (
    Latin
    : "Let it flourish")
Honours and
awards
FateSunk during the Battle of Sunda Strait, 1 March 1942
General characteristics (as completed)
Class and typeModified Leander-class light cruiser
Displacement7,040 long tons (7,150 t) (standard)
Length
  • 562 ft 4 in (171.4 m) (
    o/a
    )
  • 530 ft (161.5 m) (p/p)
Beam56 ft 8 in (17.3 m)
Draught19 ft 5 in (5.9 m)
Installed power
  • 4 ×
    Admiralty 3-drum boilers
  • 72,000 
    kW
    )
Propulsion4 shafts; 4 × geared steam turbines
Speed32.5 kn (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph)
Range7,000 nmi (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph)
Complement622 (36 officers, 586 ratings)
Armament
  • 4 × twin
    BL 6 in (152 mm) guns
  • 4 × single
    QF 4 in (102 mm) guns
  • 3 × quadruple
    AA machineguns
  • 2 × quadruple
    torpedo tubes
Armour

HMAS Perth was one of three modified Leander-class light cruisers used by the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) during the early part of World War II. She was built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the mid-1930s and was commissioned as HMS Amphion in 1936. The ship spent the next several years as flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, Africa before she was transferred to the RAN in 1939 and renamed as HMAS Perth.

At the start of World War II in September, the ship patrolled the

Greece and Crete
and helped to evacuate Allied troops from both places in the face of the victorious Axis forces. The ship was badly damaged by Axis aircraft in May during the evacuation of Crete.

After repairs were completed in June, Perth provided

Vichy French targets. She returned to Australia in mid-1941 and was tasked with the same sorts of missions as she had been performing at the beginning of the war. The ship continued to perform these tasks after the start of the Pacific War in December until she was transferred to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command in February 1942 to help defend the Dutch East Indies against the Japanese. Perth was not damaged during the Battle of the Java Sea, but was torpedoed and sunk by the Imperial Japanese Navy at the Battle of Sunda Strait
immediately afterwards.

Over half her crew was killed in the battle and only about two-thirds of the survivors survived captivity to return home after the war. The ship's wreck was discovered in 1967 and was essentially intact; by 2013 the wreck had been partially stripped by unauthorised Indonesian marine salvagers and was in even worse condition four years later.

Design and description

Aerial view of Perth in 1940
Main article: Modified Leander class

The design of the Leander-class cruisers was adapted for the 1932–1933 Naval Programme to separate their propulsion machinery

deep load.[3] The ship displaced 7,040 long tons (7,150 t) at standard load and 9,140 long tons (9,290 t) at deep load. This gave her a metacentric height of 4.5 ft (1.4 m) at deep load.[4] Her crew numbered 36 officers and 586 ratings.[3]

The modified Leanders were powered by four

kW), were intended to give the ships a maximum speed of 32.5 knots (60.2 km/h; 37.4 mph)[3] The unit system necessarily meant that each machinery unit had its own funnel.[5] The ships carried enough fuel oil to give them a range of 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) at 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph).[6]

Armament and protection

Sailors astride one of Perth's main guns, 1941

The

AA machineguns. They were also armed with eight 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in two above-water quadruple mounts, one on each broadside.[7]

Most of the armour protecting parts of the ship consisted of

high-tensile steel. The sides of the magazines consisted of 3.5-inch (89 mm) armour plates and their roofs were protected by 2-inch (51 mm) plates.[6] The gun turrets had 1 inch (25 mm) thick sides and roofs.[8]

Construction and career

Amphion was originally ordered for the RN as part of the 1931–1932 Naval Programme, but the order was suspended until the design of the Modified Leander class was finished.

HM Dockyard, Portsmouth on 26 June 1933 and was launched by the Marchioness of Titchfield on 27 July 1934. Amphion was commissioned on 15 June 1936 and was completed on 6 July.[7] The cruiser served as the flagship of the Commander-in-Chief, Africa and the 6th Cruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Tottenham) from 1936 to 1938.[10]

In early 1939 the ship was refitted and her Mk V four-inch guns were replaced by four twin-gun mounts for QF four-inch Mk XVI dual-purpose guns. The base for a rotating aircraft catapult and its associated crane were also installed.[11]

Australian service

Amphion was sold to the RAN and was commissioned into service on 29 June 1939. She was renamed HMAS Perth on 10 July by

white uniforms to blue uniforms, although the overall treatment of the sailors by the officers had been an issue since the cruiser was taken over by the RAN. Over 60 sailors gathered on the ship's forecastle, where they were confronted by officers with side arms (the first time RAN officers had been armed to deal with a mutiny) and were ordered below decks, but they refused. The warship's commanding officer, Captain Harold Farncomb, next approached the sailors and informed them that if they did not follow orders to disperse, he would treat their actions as a mutiny. The standoff could be seen from the wharfside, and a heavily armed force from the New York City Police Department was dispatched but did not intervene. Farncomb successfully defused the situation by making the offer that any sailor wanting to wear blue uniform all day ashore could do so after asking permission; an offer taken up by almost every sailor taking shore leave.[13]

World War II

Overhead view of Perth, passing through Gatun Lake in the Panama Canal, 2 March 1940

While still en route to Australia, Perth was steaming off the coast of

Alexandria, Egypt, on 24 December, after a short spell of escort duty in the Red Sea.[19] She was assigned to the 7th Cruiser Squadron of the Mediterranean Fleet.[20]

During Operation Excess in early January 1941, the ship escorted a convoy from Malta to Alexandria along with other elements of the Mediterranean Fleet.[21] While docked in Grand Harbour, Malta, on 16 January, Perth was damaged by a near-miss from a bomb that temporarily knocked out her power and caused some flooding. During the bombing, her crew helped to put out the fire aboard the ammunition ship SS Essex and rendered assistance to the damaged aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious. The cruiser departed Malta that evening and reached Alexandria on the 18th where she entered the dockyard for temporary repairs.[22] On 22 January she departed to rendezvous with Illustrious and escort her to Alexandria and then returned to Greece where she patrolled the sea between Crete and Piraeus, Greece.[23] While returning to Alexandria for more permanent repairs, Perth encountered a severe sandstorm while approaching the harbour on the night of 6/7 February, only to find out that the ship was going to be inspected by the Prime Minister of Australia, Robert Menzies, the following morning and thus had to be cleaned before his arrival.[24]

Perth underway after her February 1941 refit

The ship entered the floating drydock on 9 February and remained there for 10 days. During this time, her catapult was removed and replaced by a pair of captured Italian

Dodecanese Islands. Arriving there that night, the British ships found that the Italians had reinforced their garrison; after landing the reinforcements, the army commanders decided to evacuate the island as they were outnumbered by the garrison.[26]

Battle of Greece

Main article:
Battle of Greece
Perth seen from HMS Gloucester amidst the smokescreens during the Battle of Matapan, 28 March 1941

Beginning on 7 March, Perth supported the

evacuation of Allied troops from Greece. The troops and refugees were loaded at night to minimise the ability of the Axis forces to interfere with them and the ships had strict orders to depart in time to be well away from the coast by dawn, even if troops remained ashore. On the night of 28/29 April, Bowyer-Smyth was in charge of the force sent to evacuate troops from Kalamata. He sent a destroyer forward to reconnoitre the situation in the port while his other ships remained offshore. When the destroyer reported fighting in the harbour, he decided that it was not worth risking his ships being silhouetted again the fires and explosions in the port and ordered a return to Crete. By the time that the destroyer was able to report that the harbour had been secured, Bowyer-Smyth felt it was too late to return.[32]

The cruiser was one of the escorts for the Tiger Convoy between Malta and Alexandria in early May. When the Germans invaded Crete on 20 May, Perth was part of Force C that consisted of two cruisers and four destroyers, patrolling in the vicinity of the Kasos Strait, northeast of Crete. The following day they were repeatedly attacked by German and Italian aircraft that sank one of the destroyers. Now assigned to Force D, Perth and her consorts intercepted a German invasion convoy of small ships on the morning of the 22nd, escorted by the Italian torpedo boat Sagittario. Perth sank a straggler from another convoy before the main convoy was spotted at 08:47. The torpedo boat had been trying to collect stragglers and her commander ordered his convoy to disperse while he laid a smokescreen and then engaged the Allied ships with little effect. His diversion and the lack of visibility caused by his smokescreen, coupled with repeated aerial attacks that peppered the ships with shrapnel, allowed the convoy to escape with only the loss of two ships. Upon her return to Alexandria, Perth spent a few days under repair.[33]

On the evening of 28 May, the ship was assigned to Force D, three cruisers, three destroyers and a

Sphakia, a small port on the southern coast of Crete, after their defeat by German paratroopers. Perth carried two small landing craft to ferry troops aboard. The Allied ships were not attacked during the following day as they embarked the soldiers and they departed before dawn on the 30th. Beginning at 09:30 Force D was repeatedly attacked by German aircraft, with Perth suffering several near-misses before being struck by a bomb which exploded in the forward boiler room shortly before 10:00 with 4 of her sailors and 9 of the 1,188 embarked soldiers killed. The explosion temporarily knocked out her power and the cruiser came to a halt before it could be restored a half-hour later. It also bent the starboard inner propeller shaft and badly damaged the galley, the high-angle fire-control computer, the Admiralty Fire Control Table for the six-inch guns and started many leaks in the hull plating.[34][35][36][37][38]

The cruiser was able to reach Alexandria the next day and was under repair until 22 June. Perth sailed for

British Palestine, three days later to participate in the invasion of Vichy Syria and Lebanon. On the 27th she helped to lay a minefield off Damour and then provided gunfire support to Allied forces and bombarding Vichy facilities through to the end of the campaign before returning to Alexandria on 15 July. While she was waiting to be relieved by her sister Hobart, the quadruple "pom-pom" and the two Breda guns were removed and her catapult was reinstalled.[39][40][41]

Return to the Pacific Ocean

Perth returned to Australia for permanent repairs, arriving in Sydney on 12 August. The release of her crew for shore leave was delayed by a speech from Menzies that same day that was not well-received. In addition to the required repairs, the Type 286 radar was removed and two quadruple 0.5-inch machinegun mounts were reinstalled on her

director-control tower on the roof of the bridge; on 24 November the ship conducted her full-power sea trials.[44][45] After the refit's completion, Perth and the heavy cruiser Canberra steamed on 12 December from Sydney to Brisbane. Three days later, they met with the light cruiser HMNZS Achilles, and formed up as the heavy escort for the Pensacola Convoy.[46] Perth continued convoy escort duties in home waters until the end of January 1942.[7][47]

Perth in 1942 with 20 mm guns atop her turrets

Perth was scheduled to remain in eastern home waters within the ANZAC Area while the Canberra underwent refit. The War Cabinet agreed to meet a request by the United States for deployment of Perth to the American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Area immediately and, in doing so, escort a convoy proceeding to ABDA. On 31 January Perth sailed from Sydney, reaching Fremantle, Australia, on 10 February and relieved the old light cruiser HMAS Adelaide on 15 February as escort for the convoy of four empty oil tankers and two cargo vessels on a mission to claim as much oil from the Dutch East Indies as possible before the Japanese invaded. After Singapore was captured (endangering the destination port of Palembang), all but Perth and the cargo vessel SS 's Jacob were ordered to return to Fremantle. Although joined en route by the Dutch ships SS Swartenhondt and SS Karsik, the operation was cancelled on 21 February, when the ships were 600 nautical miles (1,100 km; 690 mi) from the Sunda Strait, separating Java and Sumatra. Perth escorted the three other vessels back to within 700 nautical miles (1,300 km; 810 mi) of Fremantle before turning north to join ABDA's Western Strike Force. She arrived at Tanjung Priok, Java, on 24 February and was not damaged by a Japanese air raid later in the day.[47][48]

Battle of the Java Sea

Main article: Battle of the Java Sea

After a Dutch

Rear-Admiral Karel Doorman. The force now consisted of the heavy cruisers Exeter and USS Houston, three light cruisers (Doorman's flagship HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java and Perth), five modern destroyers (three British and two Dutch) and four elderly American destroyers. On the evening of the 26th, they sortied in an unsuccessful search for the Japanese ships.[49]

The Japanese received reports that the Allied ships were near their planned route at 11:00 on the 27th. Their cruisers launched floatplanes to confirm these reports and they spotted Doorman's ships heading east at 12:35. Five minutes later Doorman turned south to refuel in Surabaya. The Japanese observed this turn and they decided to continue with the landing at 13:40. Shortly after the Allied ships had passed through the minefield protecting the harbour entrance, Doorman received a report at 14:27 that the Japanese ships were 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi) northwest of Surabaya. He reversed course almost immediately intending to attack the convoy. The Japanese floatplanes observed his movements, despite attacks by Allied fighters at 14:18 and 14:30, and their report caught the invasion force widely separated as it prepared to conduct the landing that evening.[50]

Electra spotted the Japanese light cruiser

west southwest at 16:27 to better prevent his 'T' from being crossed, a manoeuvre that kept the range too far for the Allied light cruisers to contribute their gunfire. Both Japanese destroyer squadrons were manoeuvring during this time to make torpedo attacks using their powerful Type 93 "Long Lance" torpedoes.[51]

Both squadron

Shoji Nishimura's 4th Destroyer Squadron following between 16:40 and 16:45 at ranges from 13,000 to 15,000 yd (12,000 to 14,000 m) with a total of 31 torpedoes aimed at the Allied ships, all of which missed. Nachi's sister Haguro contributed eight torpedoes at 16:52 at long range, which also missed. The gunfire duel continued while the torpedoes were being launched and Perth reported "tight salvos landing around [the ship], first 25 yd (23 m) short, then 25 yards over".[52] About ten minutes later, Takagi realised that the Allied ships were closing in on the invasion convoy's route and he ordered an all-out attack to prevent them from reaching the convoy. About the same time, Doorman turned slightly northwards, closing the range. At 17:08, one of Haguro's 203-millimetre shells struck Exeter at a distance of 22,000 yards, detonating inside one of her boiler rooms. The shell set the ship on fire and knocked six of her eight boilers offline, and cut her speed to 5 knots.[53] The British cruiser fell out of formation and rapidly began to lose speed. The following cruisers assumed that this turn was deliberate and followed Exeter; once Waller realised that she had been crippled, he ordered Perth to circle her, laying a smokescreen to conceal her.[54] Haguro then launched her torpedo battery again at 22,000 yards, with a single torpedo hitting the destroyer Kortenaer
, which blew in half and sank.

Doorman needed some time to reorganise his forces and ordered Exeter to head back to Surabaya, escorted by the British destroyers and the surviving Dutch destroyer. The remaining ships laid copious amounts of smoke and circled around as the Japanese attempted to sink the crippled ship with torpedoes. The light cruisers were the first to fire at 17:50 and were followed by the heavy cruisers and the destroyers; a total of 98 torpedoes that all missed. Two of the British destroyers charged through the smoke in an attempt to disrupt the attacks, Electra being sunk in the manoeuvre, and the Allied cruisers took up a course parallel to Exeter's. At 18:10 the American destroyers also charged out of the smoke and fired 24 of their torpedoes at Nachi and Haguro, all of which missed. By this time, Takagi could see the lighthouse at Surabaya and he decided to break contact in the gathering darkness lest any of his ships enter a minefield defending the port.[55] At 18:12 Perth claimed a hit on Haguro,[56] but postwar research showed that the cruiser was not damaged during the battle.[57]

Doorman was determined to continue the battle and reversed course at 18:31 and his ships were spotted on their new course at 18:46. The Japanese ships were widely dispersed after their attacks and it took Takagi some time to organise them. In the meantime, Nishimura ordered the invasion convoy to turn westward at 19:04. After a brief engagement with Jintsū, Doorman decided to disengage and then circle around to the south and try to get behind the Japanese escorts at 21:00. The American destroyers, low on fuel and out of torpedoes, independently decided to return to Surabaya at that same time. As Doorman was turning his ships north at 21:25, Jupiter struck a Dutch mine and lost all power before sinking. During this time, Takagi was aware of Doorman's movements as one of Jintsū's floatplanes was dropping flares to track the Allied ships. At 21:20 Naka's floatplane relieved it, but it lost contact with Takagi at 22:00 which left both sides searching blindly.[58]

At 23:02 Nachi's lookouts spotted the Allied cruisers and the sisters manoeuvred to deliver a torpedo attack. Doorman's ships spotted the Japanese cruisers about the same time and they opened fire at 23:10. Nachi fired her torpedo battery, and it was one of these torpedoes that struck Java, which broke in half and sank. Meanwhile, Haguro followed up with her torpedo battery, one of which hit De Ruyter, which sank to progressive flooding over three hours.

Tjilatjap via the Sunda Strait that night.[60][61]

Battle of Sunda Strait

Main article: Battle of Sunda Strait

Perth and Houston sailed at 19:00 (Evertsen was delayed), low on fuel and ammunition, with Perth leading as Waller was in overall command as the senior officer present. The Allies believed that Sunda Strait was free of enemy vessels, but the Japanese western invasion force had assembled at

Bantam Bay on the northwestern tip of Java without their knowledge. The cruisers were heading west when they were spotted at 22:39 by the destroyer Fubuki on patrol east of the bay at a range of 11,000 yd (10,000 m). After reporting to Rear Admiral Kenzaburo Hara, commander of the escort force, the destroyer trailed the Allied ships. Hara's flagship, the light cruiser Natori, saw them at 22:48 at a range of 18,500 yd (16,900 m); Hara concluded that the silhouettes were enemy cruisers at 22:59 and intended to use Natori as bait to lure Perth and Houston away from the transports.[62]

At 23:06 lookouts on Perth sighted an unidentified ship and challenged it, expecting to see one of the Australian corvettes supposedly on station. When an unintelligible reply was received in return and the ship turned away and made smoke, Waller recognised the silhouette of a Japanese destroyer (Harukaze), turned north to follow and opened fire at 23:15. Fubuki was 3,000 yd (2,700 m) behind Houston when the Allied ships turned north and she fired nine older 61-centimetre Type 90 torpedoes as she turned in pursuit as well as 16 rounds from her 12.7-centimetre (5 in) guns; all of which missed. Realizing that Waller was reacting to the nearby destroyer movements, Hara cancelled his plan when Waller opened fire and summoned all of his ships to attack. Harukaze's sister Hatakaze was the first to close firing her 12-centimetre (4.7 in) guns at Perth before she turned northeast at 23:38. The cruiser was struck twice by light shells, once at 23:26 and again six minutes later, but was only slightly damaged.[63]

Shortly before 23:40, the destroyers

paravanes which increased the size their bow waves and made the Allied ships overestimate their speed. Perth received an inconsequential hit around 23:50.[64][65]

After reversing course and slightly closing the range, Mogami and Mikuma opened fire at Houston with their main guns at a range of 12,200 yd (11,200 m) at 23:52 using their

searchlights. Three minutes later the Allied ship hit Mikuma, killing six and wounding eleven men. With Perth down to firing practice rounds, Harukaze and Hatakaze closed in to 4,200 yd (3,800 m) before firing eleven torpedoes between them during 23:56–23:58. Two minutes later the destroyers Shirakumo and Murakumo fired nine apiece at 5,000 yd (4,600 m) and Natori contributed four more at 9,000 yd (8,200 m). About this time, a near-miss damaged the propeller of the Japanese destroyer Shikinami, which was escorting the heavy cruisers.[66][65]

At 00:05 five of Mogami's torpedoes that had missed Perth struck and sank four transports and blew a

prisoners of war; 106 died during their internment: 105 naval and 1 RAAF, including 38 killed by Allied attacks on Japanese "hell ships". The surviving 218 were repatriated after the war.[69]

Unauthorised salvage

The wreck was discovered by

UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (Australia and Indonesia are not signatories to the treaty) or through legislation in either nation. The stripping of Perth's wreck was not publicly reported until December 2013; the Australian Broadcasting Corporation speculated that the government departments made aware of the issue tried to keep it under wraps to avoid further deterioration of relations between Australia and Indonesia, particularly following the Australia–Indonesia spying scandal.[71]

A photograph taken of the wreck of Perth during the 2015 United States-Indonesia survey

In October 2015, United States Navy and Indonesian Navy divers embarked aboard USNS Safeguard undertook a nine-day survey of Perth and Houston.[72] Divers documented the condition of the two shipwrecks, and identified signs of unauthorised salvage.[72][73] The operation was a prelude to a conference in Jakarta on preserving and preventing the unauthorised salvage of wartime shipwrecks in the Java Sea.[73]

The wreck was surveyed by a team from the

Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and the Indonesian National Research Centre for Archaeology (ARKENAS) in May 2017. As of that date, the ship's six-inch gun turrets, starboard-side armour belt and its associated hull plating and the propellers had all been removed, as had almost all of the propulsion machinery, most likely because it is low-background steel. "ARKENAS has proposed that the site be declared a Situs Cagar Budaya (Cultural Heritage Site) under Indonesian cultural heritage legislation, while the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries also intends to list the site as a Marine Conservation Zone."[70]

Legacy

The cruiser's wartime service was later recognised with the battle honours "Atlantic 1939", "Malta Convoys 1941", "Matapan 1941", "Greece 1941", "Crete 1941", "Mediterranean 1941", "Pacific 1941–42", and "Sunda Strait 1942".[74][75] The RAN named a submarine, HMAS Waller, after Captain Waller.[76]

The HMAS Perth Memorial Regatta is held annually by the Nedlands Yacht Club, Perth, in honour of Waller, the crew, and the ship.

ships' bells of the cruiser Perth and the Cold War-era destroyer of the same name are displayed at the Perth Town Hall.[78] There is a memorial plaque in St John's Anglican Church, King's Square, Fremantle, and a memorial service is held annually in the church in late February.[79]

HMAS Perth is the only foreign warship commemorated in the grounds of

Arlington, VA.[80]

Citations

  1. ^ Friedman, British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After, p. 163; Raven & Roberts, British Cruisers of World War Two, p. 156
  2. ^ Cassells, The Capital Ships, p. 92
  3. ^ a b c Friedman, British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After, p. 399
  4. ^ Raven & Roberts, British Cruisers of World War Two, pp. 156, 416
  5. ^ Frame, HMAS Sydney, p. 15
  6. ^ a b Raven & Roberts, British Cruisers of World War Two, p. 416
  7. ^ a b c d e f Cassells, The Capital Ships, p. 93
  8. ^ Lenton, British & Empire Warships of the Second World War, p. 57
  9. ^ Friedman, British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After, p. 167
  10. ^ Morris, Cruisers of the Royal and Commonwealth Navies, pp. 194, 201
  11. ^ Raven & Roberts, British Cruisers of World War Two, p. 161
  12. ^ Frame & Baker, Mutiny!, p. 145
  13. ^ Frame & Baker, Mutiny!, pp. 145–146
  14. ^ a b Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, pp. 149–150
  15. ^ Rohwer, Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two, p. 6
  16. ^ Bastock, Australia's Ships of War, pp. 126–127
  17. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 133–136, 146
  18. ^ Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, p. 160
  19. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, p. 148
  20. ^ a b Bastock, Australia's Ships of War, p. 127
  21. ^ Admiralty Historical Section, The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean: November 1940 – December 1941, pp. 44, 46
  22. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 173–179
  23. ^ Whiting, Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 5–6
  24. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 185–186
  25. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 194–195
  26. ^ O'Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945, pp. 82–83
  27. ^ Goldrick, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 117
  28. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 201–204
  29. ^ O'Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945, pp. 85–90
  30. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 228, 253
  31. ^ O'Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945, pp. 112–113; Rohwer, Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two, p. 69
  32. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 254–259
  33. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 275–281, 286–287; O'Hara, Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean Theater, 1940–1945, pp. 120–121; Rohwer, Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two, pp. 72, 75
  34. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 287–298
  35. ^ Goldrick, in Stevens, The Royal Australian Navy, p. 118
  36. ^ Frame, No Pleasure Cruise, p. 161
  37. ^ Raven, British Cruiser Warfare: The Lessons of the Early War, 1939–1941, p. 125
  38. ^ Whiting, Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 17–18
  39. ^ a b Friedman, British Cruisers: Two World Wars and After, p. 166
  40. ^ Raven, British Cruiser Warfare: The Lessons of the Early War, 1939–1941, p. 126
  41. ^ Whiting, Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 19–24
  42. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 315–316, 318–319, 324–325
  43. ^ Whitley, Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia, p. 19
  44. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 327, 337–338
  45. ^ Whiting, Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 24–28
  46. ^ Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 510
  47. ^ a b Gill, Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942, p. 580
  48. ^ Carlton, Cruiser: The Life and Loss of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, pp. 404–406
  49. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, p. 34
  50. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 34–35 and fn. 39
  51. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 38–39
  52. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 39–40
  53. ^ "Imperial Cruisers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  54. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 41–42
  55. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 42–43
  56. ^ Whiting, Ship of Courage: The Epic Story of HMAS Perth and Her Crew, p. 78
  57. ^ Lacroix & Wells, Japanese Cruisers of the Pacific War, p. 298
  58. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 43–44
  59. ^ "Imperial Cruisers". www.combinedfleet.com. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
  60. ^ a b Cassells, The Capital Ships, p. 94
  61. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 44–45
  62. ^ O'Hara, The U.S. Navy Against the Axis: Surface Combat 1941–1945, pp. 48–50
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General references

External links

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