History of the National Hockey League
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The history of the National Hockey League begins with the end of its predecessor league, the
The
The Original Six era ended in 1967 when the NHL doubled in size by adding six new
When the WHA ceased operations in 1979, the NHL absorbed four of the league's teams, which brought the NHL to 21 teams, a figure that remained constant until the San Jose Sharks were added as an expansion franchise in 1991. Since then, the league has grown from 22 teams in 1992 to 32 today as the NHL spread its footprint across the United States. The league has withstood major labour conflicts in 1994–95 and 2004–05, the latter of which saw the entire 2004–05 NHL season canceled, the first time in North American history that a league has canceled an entire season in a labour dispute. Wayne Gretzky passed Gordie Howe as the NHL's all-time leading scorer in 1994 when he scored his 802nd career goal. Mario Lemieux overcame non-Hodgkin lymphoma to finish his NHL career with over 1,700 points and two Stanley Cup championships. Increased use of defence-focused systems helped cause scoring to fall in the late 1990s, leading some to argue that the NHL's talent pool had been diluted by 1990s expansion. In 1998, the NHL began awarding teams a single point for losing in overtime, hoping to reduce the number of tie games; after the 2004–05 lockout, it eliminated the tie altogether, introducing the shootout to ensure that each game has a winner.
Background and founding
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Early development |
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The first attempts to regulate competitive ice hockey matches came in the late 1880s. Before then, teams competed in tournaments and infrequent challenge contests that prevailed in the Canadian sports world at the time. In 1887, four clubs from Montreal formed the
The National Hockey League came into existence with the suspension of the NHA in 1917.
1917–1942: Founding
Early years
One of the NHL's first superstars was the prolific goal-scorer Joe Malone, who scored 44 goals in 20 games in the NHL's first season,[10] of which five were netted on the NHL's opening night.[11] He also set the record for the most goals in a game that season, with seven.[12] Six games into the season, the Montreal Wanderers were forced to permanently withdraw from the league,[13] as a fire left them without an arena.[14] In the 1918–19 season, the Montreal Canadiens faced the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA for the Stanley Cup amid the Spanish influenza pandemic.[15][16] The series was called off after five games when numerous players became ill;[15] one, Joe Hall of the Canadiens, died a few weeks later.[17]
During the early 1920s, the NHL faced competition for players from two other major leagues: the PCHA and the Western Canada Hockey League (WCHL). As a result, ice hockey players were among the best paid athletes in North America.[18] By the mid-1920s, the NHL emerged as the sole major league in North America; the PCHA and WCHL merged in 1924, only to disband two years later. The Victoria Cougars are the last non-NHL team to win the Stanley Cup, having defeated the Canadiens in 1925,[19] and lost to the Montreal Maroons in 1926,[20] respectively. The NHL continued to expand, adding the Maroons and its first American team, the Boston Bruins in 1924, getting up to 10 teams by 1926.[21] Defence dominated the NHL, and in the 1928–29 season, Canadiens goaltender George Hainsworth set what remains a league record with 22 shutouts in 44 games.[22] In response, the NHL began to allow forward passing in the offensive zone,[23] which caused the offense to increase by approximately 2.5 times;[24] to stem the tide, the NHL introduced the offside rule, which prevents offensive players from entering the opponent's zone before the puck crosses the "blue line".[22]
Livingstone continued to press claims in court throughout the 1920s, going as far as the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, England.[25] In early 1927, the Toronto franchise was sold to Conn Smythe,[26] who renamed it to the Maple Leafs,[27] and successfully promised to win the Stanley Cup in five years.[28][29] He built the Maple Leaf Gardens, which included radio broadcaster Foster Hewitt's famous broadcast booth, affectionately referred to as a "gondola".[30] On December 13, 1933, Eddie Shore charged Ace Bailey causing a severe skull fracture, following what Shore thought was a check from Bailey, but was actually made by King Clancy.[31] Despite the grim prognosis (newspapers printed his obituary), Bailey survived, but did not play another game.[32] The Maple Leafs hosted the Ace Bailey All-Star Benefit Game, which raised over $20,000 for Bailey and his family.[33]
Great Depression
While Conn Smythe was able to successfully build a new arena, numerous other teams experienced financial difficulties. With the folding of the Philadelphia Quakers (originally the Pittsburgh Pirates) and the St. Louis Eagles (originally the Ottawa Senators), the NHL was reduced to eight teams starting in the 1935–36 season.[34][35] The Montreal Canadiens narrowly escaped a move to Cleveland, Ohio, before a syndicate of Montreal businessmen bought the team.[36] Montreal's financial troubles forced them to sell popular player Howie Morenz.[37] When Morenz scored against the Canadiens on the last day of the 1935 season, Montreal fans voiced their opinion, giving him a standing ovation.[38] Morenz was eventually re-acquired by Montreal,[38] and on January 28, 1937, Morenz's skate became caught in the ice during a play.[38] He suffered a broken leg in four places, and died on March 8 of a coronary embolism; 50,000 people filed past Morenz's casket at centre ice of the Montreal Forum to pay their last respects.[39] A benefit game held in November 1937 raised $20,000 for Morenz's family as the NHL All-Stars defeated the Montreal Canadiens 6–5.[40]
In the mid-1930s, Chicago Black Hawks owner and staunch American nationalist Frederic McLaughlin commanded his general manager to compile a team of only American players; at the time, Taffy Abel was the only American-born player who was a regular player in the league.[41] With eight out of 14 players Americans,[42] the Black Hawks won only 14 of 48 games.[43] In the playoffs, however, the Hawks upset the Canadiens, New York Americans, and the Maple Leafs to become the only team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup despite a losing regular-season record.[43] In the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals, the heavily favoured Toronto Maple Leafs were facing an upset, having fallen 3–0 in the seven-game series to the fifth-place Detroit Red Wings. Toronto rebounded, and won the next four games to capture the Stanley Cup, becoming the first of four teams in the NHL to come back from a 3–0 series deficit and the only team to accomplish that in the Stanley Cup Finals.[44]
Prior to the 1938–39 season, the Montreal Maroons folded due to financial difficulties,[43] while the New York Americans suffered a similar fate prior to the 1942–43 season.[45] With the league reduced to six teams, the "Original Six" era began. The league was nearly reduced to five teams before the following season, as World War II had ravaged the rosters of many teams to such an extent that teams battled each other for players.[46] With only five returning players from the previous season, New York Rangers general manager Lester Patrick suggested suspending his team's play for the duration of the war but was persuaded otherwise.[46]
1942–1967: Original Six
Post-war period
In February 1943, league President
The 1940s Canadiens were led by the "
In the fall of 1951, Maple Leafs owner
Clint Benedict was the first goaltender to wear facial protection, donning it in 1930 to protect a broken nose. He quickly abandoned his mask as its design interfered with his vision.[62] Twenty-nine years later, on November 1, 1959, in a game against New York Rangers Jacques Plante made the goaltender mask a permanent fixture in hockey.[63] The first players' union was formed February 12, 1957, by Red Wings player Ted Lindsay who had sat on the board of the NHL's Pension Society since 1952.[64] Lindsay and his fellow players were upset by the league's refusal to let them view the books related to the pension fund. The league claimed that it could not contribute more than it did but the players on the Pension Committee suspected otherwise.[65] The idea quickly gained popularity and when the union's founding was announced publicly, nearly every NHL player had signed up.[66] Led by Alan Eagleson, the National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA) was formed in 1967[67] and it quickly received acceptance from the owners.[68]
Dynasties
The Original Six era was a period of dynasties. The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup five times between 1944–45 and 1950–51. In the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals, the Maple Leafs defeated the Canadiens four games to one in the only final in NHL history when all games were decided in overtime.[69] Beginning in 1948–49, the Red Wings won seven consecutive regular season titles, a feat that no other team has accomplished. During that time, the Wings won four Stanley Cups.[70] It was during the 1952 Stanley Cup Finals that the Legend of the Octopus was created. Brothers Pete and Jerry Cusimano brought a dead octopus to the Detroit Olympia for the fourth game of the finals. They hoped that the octopus would inspire Detroit to an eighth game victory. Detroit went on to defeat Montreal 3–0 and the tradition was born.[71] The Red Wings faced the Canadiens in the Stanley Cup Finals in three consecutive seasons between 1954 and 1956.[72] Detroit won the first two match-ups, but Montreal captured the 1956 Stanley Cup, ending one dynasty and starting another.[70] The Canadiens won five consecutive championships between 1956 and 1960, a feat no other team has duplicated.[73] The Original Six era ended with the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals between the two-time defending champion Canadiens, and the Maple Leafs. The Maple Leafs finished the era by winning the Cup four times between 1962 and 1967, their 1967 championship is the last Maple Leafs title to date. The Chicago Blackhawks, who won in 1961, are the only other team to win the Stanley Cup during this period.[74]
1967–1992: Expansion era
Expansion years
In 1963, Rangers governor
On January 13, 1968, North Stars' rookie Bill Masterton became the first, and to date, only player to die as a result of injuries suffered during an NHL game.[80] Early in a game against Oakland, Masterton was checked hard by two players causing him to flip over backwards and land on his head.[81] Masterton was rushed to hospital with massive head injuries, and died there two days later.[82] The National Hockey League Writers Association presented the league with the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy later in the season.[83] Following Masterton's death, players slowly began wearing helmets, and starting in the 1979–80 season, the league mandated all players entering the league wear them.[80]
In the 1968–69 season, third-year defenceman Bobby Orr scored 21 goals to set an NHL record for goals by a defenceman en route to winning his first of eight consecutive Norris Trophies as the league's top defenceman.[84] At the same time, Orr's teammate, Phil Esposito, became the first player in league history to score 100 points in a season, finishing with 126 points.[85] A gifted scorer, Orr revolutionized defencemen's impact on the offensive part of the game, as blue-liners began to be judged on how well they created goals in addition to how well they prevented them.[86] Orr twice won the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer, the only defenceman in NHL history to do so.[87] Chronic knee problems plagued Orr throughout his career; he played 12 seasons in the NHL before injuries forced his retirement in 1978. Orr finished with 270 goals and 915 points in 657 games, and he won the Hart Memorial Trophy as league Most Valuable Player thrice.[84]
For the 1970–71 NHL season, two new teams, the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division. The Chicago Black Hawks were moved to the West Division. The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals.
The 1970s were associated with aggressive, and often violent play. Known as the "Broad Street Bullies", the Philadelphia Flyers are the most famous example of this mindset.[88] The Flyers established league records for penalty minutes—Dave "the Hammer" Schultz' total of 472 in 1974–75 remains a league record.[89][90] They captured the 1974 Stanley Cup, becoming the first expansion team to win the league championship.[88]
WHA competition and merger
In 1972, the NHL faced competition from the newly formed
By 1976, both leagues were dealing with serious financial problems. The St. Louis Blues were on the verge of bankruptcy.
The move towards a
More dynasties
Although the league expanded from six to 21 teams, dynasties still prevailed in the NHL. The Montreal Canadiens won four consecutive Stanley Cups starting in
In 1982–83, the Edmonton Oilers had the best record. The Oilers were led by Wayne Gretzky, who remained with the Oilers when they joined the NHL in 1979. He scored 137 points in 1979–80 and won the first of nine Hart Trophies as the NHL's most valuable player.[108] Over the next several seasons, Gretzky established new highs in goals scored in a season, with 92 in the 1981–82 season; in assists, with 163 in the 1985–86; and in total points, with 215 in 1985–86.[109] Gretzky also set the record for scoring 50 goals in the fewest games, achieving the mark in 39 games.[110] The Islanders and Oilers met in the Finals as New York swept Edmonton for their last Stanley Cup.[111] The following season, the Oilers and Islanders met again in the playoffs. The Oilers won the rematch in five games, marking the start of another dynasty.[112]
Led by Gretzky and Mark Messier, the Oilers won five Stanley Cup championships between 1984 and 1990.[113] On August 9, 1988, Oilers owner Peter Pocklington, in financial trouble, traded Gretzky to the Los Angeles Kings.[114] Gretzky's trade to the Kings popularized ice hockey in the United States.[115] With the Kings, Gretzky broke Gordie Howe's record for the most career points.[116] Mario Lemieux led Pittsburgh to Stanley Cups in 1990–91 and 1991–92. A gifted forward, he won six Art Ross Trophies as the league's leading scorer and he scored 199 points in 1988–89, becoming the second highest single-season point scorer behind Gretzky. Lemieux's career was plagued by health issues, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and he retired in 1997.[117] In 2000, he returned and finished his NHL career in 2006 with more than 1,700 points.[118][119]
Fall of the Iron Curtain
The NHL became first involved in international play in the mid-1970s, starting with the Summit Series in 1972 which pitted the top Canadian players of the NHL against the top players in the Soviet Union. With the eight-game series tied at three wins apiece and a tie, Paul Henderson scooped up a rebound and put it past Soviet goaltender Vladislav Tretiak with 34 seconds left in the eighth and final game to score the series-winning goal.[120]
While European-born players were a part of the NHL since its founding, it was still rare to see them in the NHL until 1980, although the WHA employed a number of them.
1992–present: Modern era
Southward expansion (1992–2000)
The 21-team era ended in 1990, when the league revealed ambitious plans to double league revenues from $400 million within a decade and bring the NHL to 28 franchises during that period.
In 1994, the players were
2004–05 lockout
By 2004, the owners were claiming that player salaries had grown far faster than revenues, and that the league as a whole lost over US$300 million in 2002–03.[136] As a result, on September 15, 2004, Gary Bettman announced that the owners again locked the players out before the start of the 2004–05 season.[137] On February 16, 2005, Bettman announced the cancellation of the entire season.[138] As with the 1994–95 lockout, the owners were again demanding a salary cap, which the players were unwilling to consider until the season was on the verge of being lost.[137] The season's cancellation led to a revolt within the union. NHLPA president Trevor Linden and senior director Ted Saskin took charge of negotiations from executive director Bob Goodenow.[139] By early July, the two sides had agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement.[137] The deal featured a hard salary cap, linked to a fixed percentage of league revenues and a 24% rollback on salaries.[140]
21st century
Hoping to reduce the number of tie games during the regular season, the NHL decided that beginning in the
In the
Two clubs still experienced financial problems, however. The
The NHL again entered lockout in
On May 26, 2020, the NHL declared that 2019–20 regular season (which had been suspended after March 11) would be prematurely terminated due to the COVID-19 pandemic; the league subsequently announced on July 1 that the season would end with a 24-team playoff tournament to be held behind closed doors in Toronto and Edmonton from August 1.[158][159]
Timeline
Note: The colors of the bars indicate the primary color of that franchise's dark jersey during those seasons.
See also
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References
- Boer, Peter (2006), The Calgary Flames, Overtime Books, ISBN 1-897277-07-5
- Coleman, Charles (1964), Trail of the Stanley Cup, Vol I., Kendall/Hunt, ISBN 0-8403-2941-5
- Diamond, Dan (1991), The Official National Hockey League 75th Anniversary Commemorative Book, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-6727-5
- Diamond, Dan; Zweig, Eric (2003), Hockey's Glory Days: The 1950s and '60s, Andrews McMeel Publishing, ISBN 0-7407-3829-1
- Gillmor, Don (2001), Canada: A People's History, vol. two, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-3340-0
- Holzman, Morey; Nieforth, Joseph (2002), Deceptions and doublecross : how the NHL conquered hockey, Dundurn Press, ISBN 1-55002-413-2
- MacSkimming, Roy (1996), Cold War, Greystone Books, ISBN 1-55054-473-X
- McCown, Bob (2007), McCown's Law: The 100 Greatest Hockey Arguments, Doubleday Canada, ISBN 978-0-385-66465-3
- McFarlane, Brian (1990), 100 Years of Hockey, Summerhill Press, ISBN 0-929091-26-4
- McFarlane, Brian (2004), Best of the Original Six, Fenn Publishing Company, ISBN 1-55168-306-7
- McKinley, Michael (2006), Hockey: A People's History, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-5769-5
- Pincus, Arthur (2006), The Official Illustrated NHL History, Reader's Digest, ISBN 1-57243-445-7
- Podnieks, Andrew (2003), Honoured members: The Hockey Hall of Fame, Fenn Publishing, ISBN 1-55168-239-7
- Ross, J. Andrew (2015), Joining the Clubs: The Business of the National Hockey League to 1945, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-3383-9
- Sandor, Steven (2005), The Battle of Alberta: A Century of Hockey's Greatest Rivalry, Heritage House, ISBN 1-894974-01-8
- Willes, Ed (2004), The Rebel League: The Short and Unruly Life of the World Hockey Association, McClelland & Stewart, ISBN 0-7710-8947-3
- Wong, John Chi-Kit (2001), The Development of Professional Hockey and the Making of the National Hockey League, University of Maryland College Park, ISBN 978-0-493-36894-8
Further reading
- Bass, Alan (2011), The Great Expansion: The Ultimate Risk That Changed the NHL Forever, Iuniverse Inc, ISBN 978-1-4502-8605-3
- Fischler, Stan & Shirley (2003), Who's Who in Hockey, Andrews McMeel Pub, ISBN 0-7407-1904-1
- Ross, J. Andrew (2015). Joining the Clubs: The Business of the National Hockey League to 1945. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3383-9.
- Wright, Marshall D (2010), The National Hockey League, 1917-1967: A Year-by-Year Statistical History, McFarland & Co, ISBN 978-0-7864-4444-1
External links