Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress | ||
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United Democratic Front (Kerala) Secular Progressive Alliance (Tamil Nadu&Puducherry) United Opposition Forum (Assam) Maha Vikas Aghadi (Maharashtra) Mizoram Secular Alliance (Mizoram) Manipur Progressive Secular Alliance (Manipur) Samajwadi Alliance (Uttar Pradesh) Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand) Mahagathbandhan (Bihar) | ||
Seats in Lok Sabha | 101 / 543 | |
Seats in Rajya Sabha | 29 / 245 (240 MPs & 5 Vacant)[30] | |
Seats in State Legislative Assemblies | 676 / 4,036
(4030 MLAs & 5 Vacant) (State Legislative Councils | 55 / 426
(390 MLCs & 36 Vacant) (see complete list) |
Number of states and union territories in government | 5 / 31
(28 States & 3 UTs) | |
Election symbol | ||
Party flag | ||
Website | ||
www | ||
This article is part of a series on the |
Indian National Congress |
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About |
Committees |
Frontals |
Alliances |
International affiliation |
The Indian National Congress (INC),
The INC is a "
In 1969, the party suffered a major split, with a faction led by
On social issues, it advocates secular policies that encourage
History
Foundation
During the latter part of the 1870s, there were concerted efforts among Indians to establish a
Hume organized the first meeting in Bombay with the approval of the
Early years
By 1905, two factions had emerged within the party, leading to different approaches and ideologies regarding the methods to achieve self-rule for India. A division arose between the Moderates, led by
Congress as a mass movement
In 1915,
With the help of the moderate group led by Gokhale, in 1924 Gandhi became president of Congress.
At the Congress 1929 Lahore session under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, Purna Swaraj (complete independence) was declared as the party's goal, declaring 26 January 1930 as Purna Swaraj Diwas (Independence Day).[68] The same year, Srinivas Iyenger was expelled from the party for demanding full independence, not just home rule as demanded by Gandhi.[69]
After the passage of the Government of India Act 1935, provincial elections were held in India in the winter of 1936–37 in eleven provinces: Madras, Central Provinces, Bihar, Orissa, United Provinces, Bombay Presidency, Assam, NWFP, Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh. The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937.[70] The Indian National Congress gained power in eight of them – the three exceptions being Bengal, Punjab, and Sindh.[70] The All-India Muslim League failed to form a Government in any Province.[71]
Congress
After the failure of the
In 1945, when World War 2 almost came to an end, the Labour Party of the United Kingdom won elections with a promise to provide independence to India.[78][79] The jailed political prisoners of the Quit India movement were released in the same year.[80]
In 1946, the British tried the soldiers of Japanese-sponsored
Post-independence
After Indian independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress became the dominant political party in the country. In 1952, in the
A post-
Nehru and Shastri era (1947–1966)
From 1951 until his death in 1964,
During his period in office, there were four known assassination attempts on Nehru.
In 1964, Nehru died because of an aortic dissection, raising questions about the party's future.[102][103][104] Following the death of Nehru, Gulzarilal Nanda was appointed as the interim Prime Minister on 27 May 1964, pending the election of a new parliamentary leader of the Congress party who would then become Prime Minister.[105] During the leadership contest to succeed Nehru, the preference was between Morarji Desai and Lal Bahadur Shashtri. Eventually, Shashtri was selected as the next parliamentary leader thus the Prime Minister. Kamaraj was widely credited as the "kingmaker" in for ensuring the victory of Lal Bahadur Shastri over Morarji Desai.[106]
As prime minister, Shastri retained most of members of Nehru's
Shastri became a national hero following victory in the
Indira Gandhi era (1966–1984)
In 1967, following a poor performance in the 1967 Indian general election, Indira Gandhi started moving toward the political left. On 12 July 1969, Congress Parliamentary Board nominated Neelam Sanjiva Reddy as Congress's candidate for the post of President of India by a vote of four to two. K. Kamaraj, Morarji Desai and S. K. Patil voted for Reddy. Indira Gandhi and Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed voted for V. V. Giri and Congress President S. Nijalingappa, Home Minister Yashwantrao Chavan and Agriculture Minister Jagjivan Ram abstained from voting.[120][121]
In mid-1969, she was involved in a dispute with senior party leaders on several issues. Notably – Her support for the independent candidate, V. V. Giri, rather than the official Congress party candidate, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, for the vacant post of the president of India[122][123] and Gandhi's abrupt nationalisation of the 14 biggest banks in India.
Congress split, 1969
In November 1969, the Congress party president,
"India might be an ancient country but was a young democracy and as such should remain vigilant against the domination of few over the social, economic or political systems. Banks should be publicly owned so that they catered to not just large industries and big businesses but also agriculturists, small industries and entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the private banks had been functioning erratically with hundreds of them failing and causing loss to the depositors who were given no guarantee against such loss."
—Gandhi's remarks after the nationalisation of private banks.[129]
In the mid-term
Due to Sino-Indian War 1962, India faced a huge budgetary deficit resulting in its treasury being almost empty, high inflation, and dwindling forex reserves. The brief War of 1962 exposed weaknesses in the economy and shifted the focus towards the defence industry and the Indian Army. The government found itself short of resources to fund the Third Plan (1961–1966). Subhadra Joshi a senior party member, proposed a non-official resolution asking for the nationalisation of private banks stating that nationalisation would help in mobilising resources for development.[132] In July 1969, Indira Gandhi through the ordinance nationalised fourteen major private banks.[133] After being re-elected in 1971 on a campaign that endorsed nationalisation, Indira Gandhi went on to nationalise the coal, steel, copper, refining, cotton textiles and insurance industries. The main reason was to protect employment and the interest of the organised labour.[132]
On 12 June 1975, the
Formation of Congress (I)
On 2 January 1978, Indira and her followers seceded and formed a new opposition party, popularly called Congress (I)—the "I" signifying Indira.[141] During the next year, her new party attracted enough members of the legislature to become the official opposition.[142] In November 1978, Gandhi regained a parliamentary seat. In January 1980, following a landslide victory for Congress (I), she was again elected prime minister.[143] The national election commission declared Congress (I) to be the real Indian National Congress for the 1984 general election.[citation needed] However, the designation I was dropped only in 1996.[142][143]
Punjab crisis
Gandhi's premiership witnessed increasing turmoil in
Rajiv Gandhi and P. V. Narasimha Rao era (1984–1998)
In 1984, Indira Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi became nominal head of Congress, and went on to become prime minister upon her assassination.[152] In December, he led Congress to a landslide victory, where it secured 401 seats in the parliament.[153] His administration took measures to reform the government bureaucracy and liberalise the country's economy.[154] Rajiv Gandhi's attempts to discourage separatist movements in Punjab and Kashmir backfired. After his government became embroiled in several financial scandals, his leadership became increasingly ineffectual.[155] Gandhi was regarded as a non-abrasive person who consulted other party members and refrained from hasty decisions.[156] The Bofors scandal damaged his reputation as an honest politician, but he was posthumously cleared of bribery allegations in 2004.[157] On 21 May 1991, Gandhi was killed by a bomb concealed in a basket of flowers carried by a woman associated with the Tamil Tigers.[158] He was campaigning in Tamil Nadu for upcoming parliamentary elections. In 1998, an Indian court convicted 26 people in the conspiracy to assassinate Gandhi.[159] The conspirators, who consisted of Tamil militants from Sri Lanka and their Indian allies, had sought revenge against Gandhi because the Indian troops he sent to Sri Lanka in 1987 to help enforce a peace accord there had fought with Tamil Militant guerrillas.[160][161]
The mid-1990s marked a period of political flux in India, with frequent changes in government and coalition dynamics. Rajiv Gandhi was succeeded as party leader by
By 1996, party found itself in a complex political landscape. It faced internal challenges, including factionalism and leadership struggles, allegations of corruption, and a degree of anti-incumbency sentiment. The
Sonia Gandhi and Manmohan Singh era (1998–2014)
The 1998 general elections saw Congress win 141 seats in the Lok Sabha, its lowest tally until then.[175] To boost its popularity and improve its performance in the forthcoming election, Congress leaders urged Sonia Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi's widow, to assume leadership of the party.[176] She had previously declined offers to become actively involved in party affairs and had stayed away from politics.[177] After her election as party leader, a section of the party that objected to the choice because of her Italian ethnicity broke away and formed the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), led by Sharad Pawar.[178]
Sonia Gandhi struggled to revive the party in her early years as its president; she was under continuous scrutiny for her foreign birth and lack of political acumen. In the snap elections called by the
Despite massive support from within the party, Gandhi declined the post of prime minister, choosing to appoint
In the Lok Sabha elections held soon after, Congress won 207 seats, the highest tally of any party since 1991. The UPA won 262, enabling it to form a government for the second time. The social welfare policies of the first UPA government, and the perceived divisiveness of the BJP, are broadly credited with the victory.[188]
Rahul Gandhi and modern era (2014–present)
By the
Rahul Gandhi resigned from his post after the 2019 election, due to the party's dismal electoral performance.[193] The party only won 52 seats, eight more than the previous election. Its vote percentage once again fell below 20 per cent. Following Gandhi's resignation, party leaders began deliberations for a suitable candidate to replace him. The Congress Working Committee met on 10 August to make a final decision on the matter and passed a resolution asking Sonia Gandhi to take over as interim president until a consensus candidate could be picked.[194][195] Following the election, Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury was chosen as the leader of the Congress in the Lok Sabha,[196] Gaurav Gogoi was chosen as the deputy leader in Lok Sabha, and Ravneet Singh Bittu was chosen as the party whip.[197] Based on an analysis of the candidates' poll affidavits, a report by the National Election Watch (NEW) and the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) says that, the Congress has highest political defection rate since 2014. According to the report, a total of 222 electoral candidates had left the Congress to join other parties during elections held between 2014 and 2021, as 177 MPs and MLAs quit the party.[198] The defections resulted in a loss of the party's established governments in Arunachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Puducherry, and Manipur.
On 28 August 2022, the
General election results
In the first parliamentary elections held in 1952, the INC won 364 seats, which was 76 per cent of the 479 contested seats.[201] The vote share of the INC was 45 per cent of all votes cast.[202] Till the 1971 general elections, the party's voting percentage remain intact at 40 per cent. However, the 1977 general elections resulted in a heavy defeat for the INC. Many notable INC party leader lost their seats, winning only 154 seats in the Lok Sabha.[203] The INC again returned to power in the 1980 Indian general election securing a 42.7 per cent vote share of all votes, winning 353 seats. INC's vote share kept increasing till 1980 and then to a record high of 48.1 per cent by 1984/85. Rajiv Gandhi on assuming the post of Prime Minister in October 1984 recommended early elections. The general elections were to be held in January 1985; instead, they were held in December 1984. The Congress won an overwhelming majority, securing 415 seats out of 533, the largest ever majority in independent India's Lok Sabha elections history.[204] This winning recorded a vote share of 49.1 per cent resulting in an overall increase to 48.1 per cent. The party got 32.14 per cent of voters in polls held in Punjab and Assam in 1985.[202]
In November 1989, general elections were held to elect the members of the 9th Lok Sabha.[205] The Congress did badly in the elections, though it still managed to be the largest single party in the Lok Sabha. Its vote share started decreasing to 39.5 per cent in the 1989 general elections. The 13th Lok Sabha term was to end in October 2004, but the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government decided on early polls. The Lok Sabha was dissolved in February itself and the country went to the polls in April–May 2004. The INC, led by Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly emerged as the single largest party.[206] After the elections, Congress joined up with minor parties to form the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). The UPA with external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party, Samajwadi Party, Kerala Congress, and the Left Front managed a comfortable majority.[206] Congress has lost nearly 20% of its vote share in general elections held between 1996 and 2009.[198]
Year | Legislature | Party leader | Seats won | Change in seats |
Percentage of votes |
Vote swing |
Outcome | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1934 | 5th Central Legislative Assembly | Bhulabhai Desai | 42 / 147
|
42 | — | — | — | [207] |
1945 | 6th Central Legislative Assembly | Sarat Chandra Bose | 59 / 102
|
17 | — | — | Interim Government of India (1946–1947) | [208] |
1951
|
1st Lok Sabha | Jawaharlal Nehru | 364 / 489
|
364 | 44.99% | — | Government | [209] |
1957 | 2nd Lok Sabha | 371 / 494
|
7 | 47.78% | 2.79% | Government | [210] | |
1962 | 3rd Lok Sabha | 361 / 494
|
10 | 44.72% | 3.06% | Government | [211] | |
1967 | 4th Lok Sabha | Indira Gandhi | 283 / 520
|
78 | 40.78% | 2.94% | Government (1967–69) Coalition (1969–71) |
[212] |
1971 | 5th Lok Sabha | 352 / 518
|
69 | 43.68% | 2.90% | Government | [213] | |
1977 | 6th Lok Sabha | 153 / 542
|
199 | 34.52% | 9.16% | Opposition | [214] | |
1980 | 7th Lok Sabha | 351 / 542
|
198 | 42.69% | 8.17% | Government | [143] | |
1984 | 8th Lok Sabha | Rajiv Gandhi | 415 / 533
|
64 | 49.01% | 6.32% | Government | [215] |
1989 | 9th Lok Sabha | 197 / 545
|
218 | 39.53% | 9.48% | Opposition | [216] | |
1991 | 10th Lok Sabha | P. V. Narasimha Rao | 244 / 545
|
47 | 35.66% | 3.87% | Coalition | [217] |
1996 | 11th Lok Sabha | 140 / 545
|
104 | 28.80% | 7.46% | Opposition, later outside support for UF | [218] | |
1998 | 12th Lok Sabha | Sitaram Kesri | 141 / 545
|
1 | 25.82% | 2.98% | Opposition | [219][220] |
1999 | 13th Lok Sabha | Sonia Gandhi | 114 / 545
|
27 | 28.30% | 2.48% | Opposition | [221][222] |
2004 | 14th Lok Sabha | 145 / 543
|
31 | 26.7% | 1.6% | Coalition | [223] | |
2009 | 15th Lok Sabha | Manmohan Singh | 206 / 543
|
61 | 28.55% | 2.02% | Coalition | [224] |
2014 | 16th Lok Sabha | Rahul Gandhi | 44 / 543
|
162 | 19.3% | 9.25% | Opposition | [225][226] |
2019 | 17th Lok Sabha | 52 / 543
|
8 | 19.5% | 0.2% | Opposition | [227] | |
2024 | 18th Lok Sabha | Mallikarjun Kharge | 101 / 543
|
49 | 21.19% | 1.7% | Opposition | [228] |
Political positions
Part of a series on |
Liberalism |
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Social affairs
The Congress party emphasizes
The Congress has positioned itself as both pro-Hindu and protector of the minorities. The party supports
Under Narsimha Rao's premiership, the Panchayati Raj and Municipal Government got constitutional status. With the enactment of the 73rd and 74th amendments to the constitution, a new chapter, Part- IX added to the constitution.[235] States have been given the flexibility to take into consideration their geographical, politico-administrative, and other consideration while adopting the Panchayati-raj system. In both panchayats and municipal bodies, in an attempt to ensure that there is inclusiveness in local self-government, reservations for SC/ST and women were implemented.[236]
After independence, Congress advocated the idea of establishing Hindi as the sole national language of India. Nehru led the faction of the Congress party which promoted Hindi as the lingua franca of the Indian nation.[237] However, the non-Hindi-speaking Indian states, especially Tamil Nadu, opposed it and wanted the continued use of the English language. Lal Bahadur Shastri's tenure witnessed several protests and riots including the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965.[238] Shashtri's appealed to agitators to withdraw the movement and assured them that the English would continue to be used as the official language as long as the non-Hindi speaking states wanted.[239] Indira Gandhi assuaged the sentiments of the non-Hindi speaking states by getting the Official Languages Act amended in 1967 to provide that the use of English could continue until a resolution to end the use of the language was passed by the legislature of every state that had not adopted use Hindi as its official language, and by each house of the Indian Parliament.[240] This was a guarantee of de facto use of both Hindi and English as official languages, thus establishing bilingualism in India.[241] The step led to the end of the anti-Hindi protests and riots in states.
Economic policies
The history of the economic policy of Congress-led governments can be divided into two periods. The first period lasted from independence, in 1947, to 1991 and put great emphasis on the public sector.[242] The second period began with economic liberalisation in 1991. At present, Congress endorses a mixed economy in which the private sector and the state both direct the economy, which has characteristics of both market and planned economies. The Congress advocates import substitution industrialisation—the replacement of imports with the domestic product, and believes the Indian economy should be liberalised to increase the pace of development.[243][244]
At the beginning of the first period, erstwhile prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru implemented policies based on import substitution industrialisation and advocated a mixed economy where the government-controlled public sector would co-exist with the private sector. He believed that the establishment of basic and heavy industry was fundamental to the development and modernisation of the Indian economy. The government, therefore, directed investment primarily into key public-sector industries—steel, iron, coal, and power—promoting their development with subsidies and protectionist policies. This period was called the Licence Raj, or Permit Raj,[245] which was the elaborate system of licences, regulations, and accompanying red tape that were required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.[246] The Licence Raj was a result of Nehru and his successors' desire to have a planned economy where all aspects of the economy were controlled by the state, and licences were given to a select few. Up to 80 government agencies had to be satisfied before private companies could produce something; and, if the licence were granted, the government would regulate production.[247] The licence raj system continued under Indira Gandhi. In addition, many key sectors such as banking, steel coal, and oil were nationalized.[128][248] Under Rajiv Gandhi, the trade regime were liberalised with reduction in duties on several import items and incentives to promote exports.[249] Tax rates were reduced and curbs on company assests loosened.[250]
In 1991, the new Congress government, led by
In 2004, Singh became prime minister of the Congress-led UPA government. Singh remained prime minister after the UPA won the 2009 general elections. The UPA government introduced policies aimed at reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies.
National defence and home affairs
Since its independence, India was in pursuing of nuclear capabilities, as Nehru felt that nuclear energy could take the country forward and help achieve its developmental goals.
The transition to statehood for parts of
Manmohan Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilize the region and strengthened anti-terrorism laws with amendments to the
Education and healthcare
The Congress government under Nehru oversaw the establishment of many institutions of higher learning, including the
In 2005, The Congress-led government started the National Rural Health Mission, which employed about 500,000 community health workers. It was praised by economist
Foreign policies
Throughout much of the Cold War period, Congress supported a foreign policy of non-alignment that called for India to form ties with both the Western and Eastern Blocs, but to avoid formal alliances with either.[294] US support for Pakistan led the party to endorse a friendship treaty with the Soviet Union in 1971.[295] Congress has continued the foreign policy started by P. V. Narasimha Rao. This includes the peace process with Pakistan, and the exchange of high-level visits by leaders from both countries.[296] The UPA government has tried to end the border dispute with the People's Republic of China through negotiations.[297][298]
Even though the Congress foreign policy doctrine stands for maintaining friendly relations with all the countries of the world, it has always exhibited a special bias towards the Afro-Asian nations. It played active role in forming
The party opposes arms race and advocates disarmament, both conventional and nuclear.
Congress' policy has been to cultivate friendly relations with Japan as well as
Structure and composition
At present, the
The AICC is composed of delegates sent from the PCCs.
The Congress Parliamentary Party (CPP) consists of elected MPs in the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. There is also a Congress Legislative Party (CLP) leader in each state. The CLP consists of all Congress Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in each state. In cases of states where the Congress is single-handedly ruling the government, the CLP leader in the chief minister. Other directly affiliated groups include:
- National Students' Union of India (NSUI), the students' wing of the Congress.
- Indian Youth Congress, the party's youth wing.
- Indian National Trade Union Congress, the labour union.
- All India Mahila Congress, its women's division.
- Kisan and Khet Mazdoor Congress, its peasant's wing.
- Congress Seva Dal, its voluntary organisation.[317][318]
- All India Congress Minority Department, also referred to as Minority Congress is the minority wing of the Congress party. It is represented by the Pradesh Congress Minority Department in all the states of India.[319]
Election symbols
As of 2021[update], the
The party under the stewardship of Nehru had the symbol 'Pair of bullocks carrying a yoke' which struck a chord with masses who were predominantly farmers. After losing the support of 76 out of the party's 153 members in the Lok Sabha, Indira's new political outfit the Congress (I) or Congress (Indira) evolved and she opted for the hand (open palm) symbol.
Dynasticism
Dynasticism is fairly common in many political parties in India, including the Congress party.[324] Six members of the Nehru–Gandhi family have been presidents of the party.[325] The party started being controlled by Indira Gandhi's family during the emergency with her younger son, Sanjay taking on a prominent role.[326] This was characterized by servility and sycophancy towards the family which later led to a hereditary succession of Rajiv Gandhi as successor after Indira Gandhi's assassination, as well as the party's selection of Sonia Gandhi as Rajiv's successor after his assassination, which she turned down.[327] Since the formation of Congress (I) by Indira Gandhi in 1978 till 2022, the party president has been from her family except for the period between 1991 and 1998. In the last three elections to the Lok Sabha combined, 37 per cent of Congress party MPs had family members precede them in politics.[328] However, in recent times there have been calls from within the party to restructure the organization. A group of senior leaders wrote a letter to the party president to reform the Congress allowing others to take charge. There was also visible discontent post the loss in 2019 elections after which a group of 23 senior leaders wrote to the Congress President to restructure the party.[329]
Presence in states and Union Territories
Legislative AssemblyAndhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly0 / 175Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly1 / 60Assam Legislative Assembly25 / 126Bihar Legislative Assembly19 / 243Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly35 / 90Delhi Legislative Assembly0 / 70Goa Legislative Assembly03 / 40Gujarat Legislative Assembly13 / 182Haryana Legislative Assembly30 / 90Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly38 / 68Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly†0 / 90Jharkhand Legislative Assembly17 / 81Karnataka Legislative Assembly136 / 224Kerala Legislative Assembly21 / 140Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly66 / 230Maharashtra Legislative Assembly45 / 288Manipur Legislative Assembly5 / 60Meghalaya Legislative Assembly5 / 60Mizoram Legislative Assembly1 / 40Nagaland Legislative Assembly0 / 60Odisha Legislative Assembly14 / 147Puducherry Legislative Assembly‡2 / 33Punjab Legislative Assembly18 / 117Rajasthan Legislative Assembly70 / 200Sikkim Legislative Assembly0 / 32Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly18 / 234Telangana Legislative Assembly68 / 119Tripura Legislative Assembly3 / 60Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly2 / 403Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly18 / 70West Bengal Legislative Assembly0 / 294
Legislative Council
Indian National Congress is the only political party in India, which has experience of running the state government of every Indian states in post-independence Indian history. From the first general election in 1952 when Jawaharlal Nehru led it to a landslide victory, the Congress won in the majority of the following state elections and paved the way for a Nehruvian era of single-party dominance. The party during the post-independence era has governed most of the
Sl No. | State | Govt Since | Chief Minister | Alliances | Seats in Assembly | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Party | Party seats | |||||||
INC Government | |||||||||
1 | Himachal Pradesh | 8 December 2022 | Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu | INC | 38[334] | none | 38 / 68
| ||
2 | Karnataka | 14 May 2023 | Siddaramaiah | INC | 135 | SKP (1) | 137 / 224
| ||
IND(1) | |||||||||
3 | Telangana | 7 December 2023 | Revanth Reddy | INC | 64 | CPI (1) | 65 / 119
| ||
Alliance Government | |||||||||
4 | Jharkhand | 28 December 2019 | Champai Soren | JMM | 30 | INC(17) | 50 / 81
| ||
RJD (1) | |||||||||
NCP (SP) (1)
| |||||||||
CPI(ML)L (1) | |||||||||
5 | Tamil Nadu | 7 May 2021 | M. K. Stalin | DMK | 133 | INC(18) | 159 / 234
| ||
VCK (4) | |||||||||
CPI (2) | |||||||||
CPI(M) (2) |
Legislative leaders
List of prime ministers
The Congress has governed a majority of the period of independence in India (for 55 years), whereby Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi and Manmohan Singh are the country's longest-serving prime ministers. The first general election the Congress contested after the Indian independence was in 1951–52 general elections, in which it won 364 of the 489 seats and 45 per cent of the total votes.[335] The Indian National Congress became the largest party in the Lok Sabha for next four consecutive general elections viz. 2nd Lok Sabha, 3rd Lok Sabha, 4th Lok Sabha, and 5th Lok Sabha.
No. | Prime ministers | Portrait | Term in office[339] | Lok Sabha | Constituency | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Start | End | Tenure | |||||
1 | Jawaharlal Nehru | 15 August 1947 | 27 May 1964 | 16 years, 286 days | Constituent Assembly | ||
1st | Phulpur
| ||||||
2nd | |||||||
3rd | |||||||
Acting | Gulzarilal Nanda | 27 May 1964 | 11 January 1966 | 13 days | Sabarkantha
| ||
2 | Lal Bahadur Shastri | 1 year, 216 days | Allahabad
| ||||
Acting | Gulzarilal Nanda | 11 January 1966 | 24 January 1966 | 13 days | Sabarkantha
| ||
3 | Indira Gandhi | 24 January 1966 | 24 March 1977 | 15 years, 350 days | Rajya Sabha MP from Uttar Pradesh | ||
4th | Rae Bareli
| ||||||
5th | |||||||
14 January 1980 | 31 October 1984 | 7th | Medak
| ||||
4 | Rajiv Gandhi | 31 October 1984 | 2 December 1989 | 5 years, 32 days | Amethi
| ||
8th | |||||||
5 | P. V. Narasimha Rao | 21 June 1991 | 16 May 1996 | 4 years, 330 days | 10th | Nandyal
| |
6 | Manmohan Singh | 22 May 2004 | 26 May 2014 | 10 years, 4 days | 14th | Rajya Sabha MP from Assam | |
15th |
List of deputy prime ministers
No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term in office | Lok Sabha (Election) |
Constituency (House) |
Prime Minister | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assumed office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
1 | Vallabhbhai Patel (1875–1950) |
15 August 1947 | 15 December 1950 | 3 years, 122 days | Constituent Assembly | N/A | Jawaharlal Nehru | |
2 | Morarji Desai (1896–1995) |
13 March 1967 | 19 July 1969 | 2 years, 128 days | 4th (1967) |
Surat (Lok Sabha) |
Indira Gandhi |
See also
- All India Congress Committee
- Congress Working Committee
- Electoral history of the Indian National Congress
- High command culture
- Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance
- List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress
- List of Indian National Congress breakaway parties
- List of political parties in India
- List of presidents of the Indian National Congress
- List of state presidents of the Indian National Congress
- Nehru–Gandhi family
- Politics of India
- Pradesh Congress Committee
- United Progressive Alliance
References
Notes
- ^ The Indian national colours of the Indian flag serve as the official visual identification of the Indian National Congress.
- ^ "The first modern nationalist movement to arise in the non-European empire, and one that became an inspiration for many others, was the Indian Congress."[31]
- ^ "South Asian parties include several of the oldest in the post-colonial world, foremost among them the 129-year-old Indian National Congress that led India to independence in 1947"[33]
- ^ "The organization that led India to independence, the Indian National Congress, was established in 1885."[34]
- ^ "... anti-colonial movements ... which, like many other nationalist movements elsewhere in the empire, were strongly influenced by the Indian National Congress."[31]
- ^ The "R" stood for Requisition or Ruling
- ^ The "O" stands for organisation/Old Congress.
Citations
- ^ a b "Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress Presidential elections, set to become first non-Gandhi head of party in 24 years". The Economic Times. 3 June 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
- ^ a b Phukan, Sandeep (19 October 2022). "Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress presidential election with over 7,800 votes". The Hindu.
- ^ "Sonia Gandhi to chair Congress parliamentary strategy group meeting to formulate strategy for Winter Session of Parliament". The Print. 29 November 2022.
- ^
- Kanishka Singh (5 December 2017). "Indian National Congress: From 1885 till 2017, a brief history of past presidents". The Indian Express. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
- Praveen Davar (30 June 2021). "Sagely leader: Dadabhai Naoroji". The Telegraph. India. Retrieved 28 July 2021.
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Further reading
- The Indian National Congress: An Historical Sketch, by Frederick Marion De Mello. Published by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1934.
- The Indian National Congress, by Hemendra Nath Das Gupta. Published by J. K. Das Gupta, 1946.
- Indian National Congress: A Descriptive Bibliography of India's Struggle for Freedom, by Jagdish Saran Sharma. Published by S. Chand, 1959.
- Social Factors in the Birth and Growth of the Indian National Congress Movement, by Ramparkash Dua. Published by S. Chand, 1967.
- Split in a Predominant Party: The Indian National Congress in 1969, by Mahendra Prasad Singh. Abhinav Publications, 1981. ISBN 81-7017-140-7.
- Concise History of the Indian National Congress, 1885–1947, by B. N. Pande, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Ravinder Kumar, Manmath Nath Das. Published by Vikas Pub. House, 1985. ISBN 0-7069-3020-7.
- The Indian National Congress: An Analytical Biography, by Om P. Gautam. Published by B.R. Pub. Corp., 1985.
- A Century of Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, by Pran Nath Chopra, Ram Gopal, Moti Lal Bhargava. Published by Agam Prakashan, 1986.
- The Congress Ideology and Programme, 1920–1985, by Pitambar Datt Kaushik. Published by Gitanjali Pub. House, 1986. ISBN 81-85060-16-9.
- Struggling and Ruling: The Indian National Congress, 1885–1985, by Jim Masselos. Published by Sterling Publishers, 1987.
- The Encyclopedia of Indian National Congress, by A. Moin Zaidi, Shaheda Gufran Zaidi, Indian Institute of Applied Political Research. Published by S.Chand, 1987.
- Indian National Congress: A Reconstruction, by Iqbal Singh, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Published by Riverdale Company, 1988. ISBN 0-913215-32-5.
- INC, the Glorious Tradition, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. AICC. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1989.
- Indian National Congress: A Select Bibliography, by Manikrao Hodlya Gavit, Attar Chand. Published by U.D.H. Pub. House, 1989. ISBN 81-85044-05-8.
- The Story of Congress PilgrFile: 1885–1985, by A. Moin Zaidi, Indian National Congress. Published by Indian Institute of Applied Political Research, 1990. ISBN 81-85355-46-0. (7 vols)
- Indian National Congress in England, by Harish P. Kaushik. Published by Friends Publications, 1991.
- Women in Indian National Congress, 1921–1931, by Rajan Mahan. Published by Rawat Publications, 1999.
- History of Indian National Congress, 1885–2002, by Deep Chand Bandhu. Published by Kalpaz Publications, 2003. ISBN 81-7835-090-4.
- ISBN 978-81-237-0249-0.
External links
- Official website
- Indian National Congress at Curlie
- Congress Party web resources provided by GovPubs at the University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
- Works by or about Indian National Congress at Internet Archive
- Indian National Congress at the Encyclopædia Britannica