Israel–United States military relations
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Military relations between Israel and the United States have been extremely close,[1] reflecting shared security interests in the Middle East.[2][3] Israel is designated as a major non-NATO ally by the U.S. government. A major purchaser and user of U.S. military equipment, Israel is also involved in the joint development of military technology and it regularly engages in joint military exercises with United States and other forces.[2][3] The relationship has deepened gradually over time, though, as Alan Dowty puts it, it was "not a simple linear process of growing cooperation, but rather a series of tendentious bargaining situations with different strategic and political components in each."[4]
Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of U.S. foreign aid: until February 2022, the United States had provided Israel US$ 150 billion (non-inflation-adjusted) in bilateral assistance.[5] In 1999, the US government signed a Memorandum of Understanding through which it committed to providing Israel with at least US$2.67 billion in military aid annually, for the following ten years; in 2009, the annual amount was raised to US$3 billion; and in 2019, the amount was raised again, now standing at a minimum of US$3.8 billion that the US is committed to providing Israel each year.[5]
In addition, the only foreign military installations on Israeli soil are US bases, including an
Overview
Following the Second World War, the “new postwar era witnessed an intensive involvement of the United States in the political and economic affairs of the Middle East, in contrast to the hands-off attitude characteristic of the prewar period. "[U]nder Truman the United States had to face and define its policy in all three sectors that provided the root causes of American interests in the region: the Soviet threat, the birth of Israel, and petroleum.”[7]
During the first twenty years following
During the early 1960s, the U.S. government sought to establish a regional arms limitation agreement in the Middle East. The initiative lost steam in early 1965 after it was disclosed that the U.S. had been indirectly supplying weapons to Israel via
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U.S. policy changed markedly after the
During the
Bilateral military cooperation deepened under the
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In 1987, the United States granted Israel the status of major non-NATO ally, enabling it to compete equally with NATO and other US allies for contracts and purchase advanced US weapons systems. Israel became the largest recipient of United States military aid in the world (see military aid and procurement below).[3] In 1988, Reagan and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir signed a memorandum of understanding to formalize and perpetuate the work of the bilateral US-Israel military, security and economic working groups.[12]
In an effort to prevent Israel from retaliating against
Under the Bill Clinton administration in the 1990s, the US government made efforts to bolster the Israeli government's military edge by allowing it to purchase $700m of the latest U.S. military equipment, including advanced fighters, attack helicopters and the Joint Direct Attack Munition system. A series of major joint military technology development projects was also instituted.[2]
Further extensive military cooperation took place under the
Joint military activity
The United States and Israel cooperate closely in a number of areas of military activity. The U.S. underwrites some of Israel's research and development of weapons, and has contributed significant amounts of money to Israeli defense projects such as the
The U.S. and Israel also cooperate jointly on a number of technology development programs, notably the
The United States has stored military equipment in Israel since the early 1990s and may store additional equipment in Israel when withdrawing from Iraq.[15]
Currently the only active foreign military installations on Israeli soil are American bases, including an
War Reserves Stock Allies-Israel also known as War Reserve Stockpile Ammunition-Israel or simply WRSA-I was established in the 1990s and is maintained by the
The stock includes ammunition, smart bombs, missiles, military vehicles and a military hospital with 500 beds. These supplies are situated in six different locations throughout Israel.[22] If needed, Israel could request to access the WRSA-I stock, but it would need to be approved by the US congress.[23] During Operation Protective Edge, the US authorized Israel to access 120 mm mortar rounds and 40 mm grenade launcher ammunition.[17] These munitions were part of a set of older items in the stock, and were due to be replaced soon.[24]
In October 2012, the United States and Israel began their biggest joint air and missile defense exercise, known as
Controversies
The close military relationship between the U.S. and Israel has engendered a number of controversies over the years.
The United States stipulates that U.S. military equipment provided through the FMS program can be used only for internal security or defensive purposes. Consequently, after allegations were made that Israel had used
American use of its military aid for political pressure on Israel, as well as the economic and strategic restrictions attached to it, has made some Israelis question the value of American military aid. Israeli columnist Caroline Glick has argued that Israel's interests may be best served by ending the military assistance, and urged her government to initiate a conversation on cutting back on the assistance package.[29] Former Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Arens also opposes continued US aid, arguing that Israel no longer needs it. Several Israeli political parties, including National Union, oppose the aid and propose a gradual reduction in dependency on it.
The Kirk-Menendez-Schumer bill would for the first time commit the United States to provide "diplomatic, military and economic" support for offensive actions by Israel.[30]
In January 2014, it was reported that Israel and the United States had been quietly discussing the prospect of ending US aid, with representatives from both countries agreeing at bilateral meetings that Israel no longer needs US military aid. According to Daniel C. Kurtzer, a former US ambassador to Israel, "we may be reaching a point that after discussion of how to assure the security and intelligence cooperation, we can actually phase out the security assistance".[31]
Following the
In December 2023, Senator Bernie Sanders introduced a privileged resolution invoking Section 502(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act,[33] calling on the State Department to investigate Israeli crimes against humanity in its conduct of the war in Gaza.[34] The resolution would freeze US military aid to Israel unless the State Department issues a report within 30 days.[35] The proposal was defeated, 72 to 11.[36]
In May 2024, Israel used two U.S. made GBU-39 missiles during the Tel al-Sultan massacre.[37]
Military aid and procurement
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In terms of total money received, Israel is the largest cumulative recipient of military assistance from the United States since World War II,[39] followed by Vietnam, Egypt, Afghanistan, and Turkey.[40][needs update] About three quarters of the aid is earmarked for purchases of military equipment from U.S. companies and the rest is spent on domestic equipment.[41][42]
Since 1987, the U.S. has provided an average of $1.8 billion annually in the form of Foreign Military Sales (FMS), Foreign Military Financing (FMF) and funds to support research and development.[2] A bilateral memorandum of understanding was signed in January 2001, at the end of the Clinton administration, under which defense aid was increased to $2.4 billion annually from $1.8 billion, while the $1.2 billion of economic aid would be eliminated. This was predicated on the basis of the defense aid being increased by $60 million per year until the full amount was reached in 2008, while the economic aid is decreased by $120 million per year until eliminated.[3][43] In 2007, the United States increased its military aid to Israel by over 25%, to an average of $3 billion per year for the following ten-year period (starting at $2.550 billion for 2008, growing by $150 million each year).[44] The package started in October 2008, when regular aid to Israel's economy ended.[45] Officials have insisted the aid is not tied, or meant to balance, simultaneous American plans to sell $20 billion worth of sophisticated arms to its Arab allies in the region, including Egypt and Saudi Arabia.[45] Former U.S. President George W. Bush assured Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert that the U.S. would help keep a "qualitative advantage" to Israel over other nations in the region.[44]
The United States is the largest single supplier of military equipment to Israel. According to the
Israel has the world's largest F-16 fleet outside the United States Air Force. With the delivery of 102 F-16Is, scheduled through 2008, the Israeli Air Force will have a total F-16 inventory of 362, in addition to 106 F-15s.[47]
In December 2016, the United States delivered the first two F-35 “Adir” stealth fighter planes, a version of the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, arrived to Israel, the first of its kind in the Middle East. In April 2017, the United States delivered an additional three to total five F-35 stealth fighters now operated under the Israeli Air Force [48] Israel was the first country outside of the United States to receive the F-35 and is expecting to receive a total of 50 over the coming years, achieving two full squadrons by 2022. This delivery is due to the strong partnership that the two countries had in the manufacturing of the fighter jet. Israeli technology, aerospace and defense companies played a pivotal role in the technological innovation giving the plane its immense capabilities. Eventually, Israel hopes to further accommodate its air force with the F-35B STOVL. Recent US Tomahawk strikes into Syria demonstrate that fixed airfields could easily be destroyed or temporarily be made unavailable. The F35B-model has both short take off and vertical landing capability, making it a strong threat in such a small region with constant warfare.[49]
In 2023, The State Department approved the sale of $320 million worth of guided bomb equipment to Israel.[50][51] In October 2023, President Joe Biden called on Congress to pass $14.3 billion in emergency military aid to Israel in its war with Hamas.[52] On March 30, 2024, the Biden administration authorized $2.5 billion in weapons transfers to Israel.[53] On April 24, 2024, Biden signed a $95 billion security package which included around $17 billion in military aid for Israel.[54] In June 2024, the United States officially signed a Letter of Offer and Acceptance, allowing Israel to purchase 25 additional Lockheed Martin F-35 stealth fighter jets for $3 billion dollars.[55]
Foreign military sales
Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of U.S. military sales to Israel.
Year | FMS
|
DCS | Total |
---|---|---|---|
2001 | $766,026,000 | $4,019,000 | $770,045,000 |
2002 | $629,426,000 | $1,427,000 | $630,853,000 |
2003 | $845,952,000 | $16,455,000 | $862,407,000 |
2004 | $878,189,000 | $418,883,000 | $1,297,072,000 |
2005 | $1,652,582,000 | $1,110,223,000 | $2,762,805,000 |
2001–2005 | $4,772,175,000 | $1,551,007,000 | $6,323,182,000 |
- FMS – Foreign Military Sales
- DCS – Direct Commercial Sales
- Source: "Facts Book: Department of Defense, Security Assistance Agency," September 30, 2005.[56]
Foreign military financing
Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of US ESF and military aid to Israel.
Year | FMF | ESF | Supplementals | NADR-ATA | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2001 | $1,975,644,000 | $838,000,000 | $2,813,644,000 | ||
2002 | $2,040,000,000 | $720,000,000 | $28,000,000 | $2,788,000,000 | |
2003 | $2,086,350,000 | $596,100,000 | $1,000,000,000 | $3,682,450,000 | |
2004 | $2,147,256,000 | $477,168,000 | $2,624,424,000 | ||
2005 | $2,202,240,000 | $357,120,000 | $50,000,000 | $210,000 | $2,609,570,000 |
2006 (estimated) | $2,257,200,000 | $273,600,000 | $526,000 | $2,531,326,000 | |
2007 (requested) | $2,340,000,000 | $120,000,000 | $320,000 | $2,460,320,000 | |
Total 2001–2007 | $15,048,690,000 | $3,381,988,000 | $1,050,000,000 | $29,056,000 | $19,509,734,000 |
2012 (estimate)[57] | $3,075,000,000 | $3,075,000,000 |
- FMF – Foreign Military Financing (direct military aid)
- ESF – Economic Support Fund (open-ended monetary assistance that can be used to offset military spending and arms purchases, as well as for non-military purposes)
- Supplementals are special one-time grants meant as a complement to already allocated aid
- NADR-ATA – Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining & Related Programs
- Source: "Congressional Budget Justification for Foreign Operations," Fiscal Years 2001–2007.[56]
United States military equipment in Israeli use
This is not a comprehensive list. In addition to indigenously developed military equipment, Israel has made a number of procurements from the United States in recent years, including systems procured directly from US manufacturers and ex-US Forces equipment. The
Item | Quantity | Year procured |
Origin |
---|---|---|---|
Fighter aircraft | |||
F-15A Eagle
|
25 | 1993 | Ex-U.S. Air Force[58] |
F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
|
60 | 1991–93 | U.S. |
F-16A/B Fighting Falcon
|
50 | 1991–93 | Ex-U.S. Air Force[59] |
F-15I Eagle
|
25 | From 1997 | U.S. |
F-16I Fighting Falcon
|
102 | From 2003 | U.S. |
Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II | 5 | From 2016 | U.S. |
Transport planes | |||
C-130 Hercules E/H
|
39 | From 1974 | U.S. |
Boeing KC-707 | ?? | 1973 | U.S. |
Gulfstream G550 | 5 | From 2003 | U.S. |
Utility aircraft | |||
Cessna 206 | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
Training aircraft
| |||
Northrop Grumman TA-4 | ?? | ?? | U.S. |
Attack helicopters
| |||
AH-1E HueyCobra
|
14 | 1996 | Ex-U.S. Army[60] |
AH-64 Apache
|
36 | 1990–91 | U.S. |
AH-64D Apache
|
9 | From 2004 | U.S. |
Utility, cargo, and support helicopter | |||
S-65/CH-53E Sea Stallion
|
10 | 1990–91 | U.S. |
S-65/CH-53D Sea Stallion
|
2 | 1994 | Ex-U.S. Air Force |
Bell 206 | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
Bell 212 | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
Sikorsky S-70A-50 | 15 | 2002-03 | U.S. |
S-70/UH-60A Black Hawk
|
10 | 1994 | Ex-U.S. Army |
Ground defense vehicles | |||
M113 | 6,000 | ?? | Unknown |
M48 Patton tank
|
1,000 | 1956–1971 | Ex. U.S. |
M60 Patton tank
|
1,500 | 1965–1979 | Ex. U.S. |
Artillery | |||
M109 howitzer | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System | 42 | From 1995 | U.S. |
Munitions | |||
Joint Direct Attack Munition | 6,700 [61] | 1999–2004 | U.S. |
Mark 84 general-purpose bomb | ?? | ?? | U.S. |
Missiles | |||
FIM-92A Stinger | 200 | 1993–94 | U.S. |
MIM-104 Patriot | 32 | 1991 | U.S. |
MIM-72 Chaparral
|
500 | On order | Ex-U.S. Forces |
M48A3 Self-Propelled Chaparral System
|
36 | On order | Ex-U.S. Forces |
AGM-114 Hellfire II | ?? | Mid-1990s | U.S. |
AGM-62 Walleye | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
AGM-65 Maverick | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
AGM-78 Standard ARM | U.S. | ||
AGM-142D
|
41 | On order | Joint Israel/U.S. |
AIM-120 AMRAAM | 64 | On order | U.S. |
AIM-7 Sparrow | ?? | ?? | Unknown |
AIM-9S Sidewinder | 200 | 1993–94 | U.S. |
AGM-84 Harpoon
|
?? | ?? | Unknown |
BGM-71 TOW-2A/B | ?? | Mid-1990s | U.S. |
Israeli military equipment in U.S. use
There are few statistics available about Israeli arms sales to the USA. The following weapons are known to be in use by the American military.
- ADM-141 TALD (Improved Tactical Air Launched Decoy) – device used to protect U.S. warplanes from enemy fire.
- AGM-142 Have Nap "Popeye" – a standoff air-to-surface missilewith precision guidance
- M120 mortar – A 120 mm mortar developed by Soltam Systems.
- Israel Military Industries. The SMAW is based on the Israeli B-300.
- Cardom – A 120 mm "recoil mortar system" using modern electronic navigation, self-positioning, and target acquisition.
- Gabriel (missile) – A sea skimming anti-ship missile.[citation needed]
- United States army.
- LITENING targeting pod– A precision targeting pod designed to increase combat effectiveness of aircraft.
- armored fighting vehicle.
- remote weapon system.
- IAI Kfir – An all-weather multirole combat aircraft formerly used by the US Navy for training purposes.
- DASH III JHMCSwas based.
- Zim Integrated Shipping Services merchant marine and formerly the United States Secret Service.
See also
- Israel–United States relations
- Israel lobby in the United States
- United States foreign aid
- United States foreign policy in the Middle East
- United States security assistance to the Palestinian National Authority
- United States support for Israel in the Israel–Hamas war
- 2012 US–Israel military exercise
- Military history of Israel
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