Karel Kuttelwascher
Karel Miloslav Kuttelwascher | |
---|---|
Nickname(s) | Kut Czech Night Hawk |
Born | |
Years of service | 1934–46 |
Rank | Squadron Leader |
Unit | 44 Fighter Unit 32 Fighter Unit |
Commands held | "A" Flight, No. 1 Squadron RAF |
Battles/wars | Second World War
|
Awards |
|
Other work | British European Airways pilot |
Karel Miloslav Kuttelwascher
Kuttelwascher, nicknamed "Kut", was the RAF's most successful Czechoslovak pilot, and one of the RAF's highest-scoring flying aces overall. In RAF service he shot down 18 enemy aircraft. He may also have scored numerous victories in French Air Force service, but these are unconfirmed as many French records were lost.
In 1945 Kuttelwascher returned to Czechoslovakia but in 1946 he returned to Britain, where he made a civilian flying career with British European Airways. He died of a heart attack in 1959, aged 42.
Early life
Kuttelwascher was born in 1916 in the village of Svatý Kříž in Bohemia, now part of Havlíčkův Brod in the Czech Republic. He was the third of six children. Their parents Josef and Kristina Kuttelwascher were ethnic Germans from Bavaria.[1] The family name means tripe washer.
Aged 17, Kuttelwascher started work as a clerk at a flour mill in
On 29 July 1939, Kuttelwascher and his group went to the Port of Gdynia, where they embarked on a Swedish cargo steamship, the Kastelholm, to travel to France. In Gdynia, a group of Polish officials belatedly tried to persuade the Czechoslovaks to stay and join the Polish Air Force. A few, including another future RAF ace, Josef František, agreed to do so after tossing a coin.[2] The remainder, including Kuttelwascher, stuck to their decision to leave Poland. On 30 July, they disembarked in the Port of Calais in France.[1]
French service
Peacetime regulations did not allow the
On 3 September 1939, France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. On 17 November, the French Government and Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee agreed that Czechoslovak airmen would be transferred from the Foreign Legion to the French Air Force pending the formation of a Czechoslovak air force.[3] Kuttelwascher was one of about 100 who were sent to the fighter training base at Chartres Aerodrome, where he quickly learnt to fly the Morane-Saulnier M.S.406C.1 fighter. However, he was not transferred to a combat squadron until 17 May 1940, when he was assigned to Groupe de Chasse III/3 at Beauvais–Tillé.[1]
Four days later, GC III/3 moved to Cormeilles-en-Vexin, where it was re-equipped with the more modern Dewoitine D.520C.1 fighter. As German forces advanced in the Battle of France, GC III/3 retreated, first to Illiers-l'Évêque and then successively to Germinon, Chapelle-Vallon, Montargis, Grand Mallerey, Avord Air Base, and Perpignan-La Salanque.[1]
On 17 June, the UK
Kuttelwascher claimed that, while with the French Air Force, he destroyed or damaged several enemy aircraft. French records for that period are incomplete, but those which survive include two confirmed kills and one probable by Kuttelwascher.[1]
On 22 June 1940, remnants of GC III/3 withdrew to Realizane in Algeria, but that same day France surrendered. The defeated French Air Force discharged its Czechoslovak personnel on 1 July. A group including Kuttelwascher travelled by train to Casablanca in Morocco, where Czechoslovak personnel were assembling to escape to the UK. On 9 July, they left the Port of Casablanca aboard a Scottish ferry, the Royal Scotsman, which took them to Gibraltar. On 19 July, they sailed from Gibraltar aboard the Elder Dempster Lines ship David Livingstone, reaching Cardiff Docks in Wales on 5 August.[1]
RAF service
After a short stay in a transit camp, Kuttelwascher joined the RAF on 14 August 1940 with a rank of flight sergeant. He was posted to a Czechoslovak depot at RAF Cosford in Shropshire and then to No. 5 Operational Training Unit at RAF Aston Down in Gloucestershire, where he learnt to fly the Hawker Hurricane.[1]
Hurricane pilot with No. 1 Squadron
On 3 October 1940, Kuttelwascher was posted to
In 1941 at a dance in Ruislip, Middlesex, Kuttelwascher met Beryl Ruby Thomas. They were married in 1942.[1]
On 12 February 1942, No. 1 Squadron attacked German destroyers in the English Channel that were escorting the Scharnhorst-class battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in the Channel Dash. The squadron lost two aircraft, but Kuttelwascher managed to damage one of the destroyers with his Hispano-Suiza HS.404 20mm cannon.[1]
No. 1 Squadron was relocated to RAF Tangmere in West Sussex and assigned a new role: night intruder sorties over France. These were missions by single aircraft to shoot down German bombers over their own airfields. Their Hurricanes lacked radar so the sorties were made only with a full moon. They were dangerous missions, demanding both navigation and flying skills, excellent vision and great courage.[1]
The squadron was then operating the Hawker Hurricane Mk IIc, painted black for night flying. Each aircraft was equipped with two 45-gallon under-wing auxiliary tanks[4] that extended its airborne time to three to 3½ flying hours and gave a range of about 900 miles (1,400 km). Armament was two Hispano-Suiza 20mm cannon on each wing, but with only 91 rounds of ammunition. This was enough for only about nine seconds of firing time.
Kuttelwascher's Hawker Hurricane IIc was serial number BE581 and carried the code letters "JX-E". It also carried a personal emblem of a yellow scythe with a red banner emblazoned "Night Reaper". Kuttelwascher had the greatest number of successful strikes of any night intruder.[1]
On the night of 1/2 April 1942, Kuttelwascher scored his first victories as a night intruder, shooting down one
On the night of 2/3 June, Kuttelwascher shot down a Do 217 off Dunkirk. The next night near St-André, he shot down two He 111s and a Do 217 and damaged a second Do 217. On the night of 21/22 June, again near St-André, he shot down an Ju 88 and damaged a second.[1] On the night of 28/29 June 1942 Kuttelwascher shot down a Do 217E-4 of VII/Kampfgeschwader 2 at Trévières in Normandy, killing all the crew.[5] On the night of 1/2 July near Dinard he shot down two Do 217s and damaged a third.[1]
No. 1 Squadron destroyed 21 enemy aircraft in three months. Of these, Kuttelwascher had shot down 15 and damaged another five. For this he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and news media nicknamed him the Czech Night Hawk.[1]
Kuttelwascher's exploits were a great morale booster for his countrymen back home. Josef Josten, who was looking after the BBC's military services in Czech, arranged for them to be broadcast, including a personal interview.[6]
Subsequent RAF service
On 8 July 1942, Kuttelwascher was assigned to
In October 1942, Kuttelwascher was withdrawn from combat flying and transferred to the Czechoslovak Air Inspectorate in London. From June to December 1943, he spent six months in the US and Canada, primarily to try to recruit Czech and Slovak Americans and Canadians to join Czechoslovak units of the UK armed forces. He also gave lectures about the air war in Europe to the United States Army Air Forces and Royal Canadian Air Force.[1]
On his return, Kuttelwascher was posted to No. 32 Maintenance Unit at RAF St Athan in Wales. There he served as a test pilot on various types of bomber until the end of the war.
Later life
By the end of the war, Karel and Ruby had a son and twin daughters. Kuttelwascher returned to Czechoslovakia in August 1945, followed shortly after by his wife and children. He transferred back to the Czechoslovak Air Force, was promoted to Staff Captain and was posted to Ruzyně near Prague. A month later, he returned to his former base of Hradec Králové as an instructor at the Air Force Academy there.[1]
Ruby did not adapt to life in Czechoslovakia and Kuttelwascher's air force service there, and in January 1946 she returned to England. Kuttelwascher became concerned about the growing power of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia under Soviet patronage in the Third Czechoslovak Republic. He applied for a visa to return to the UK, which was eventually granted. On 21 May 1946, he resigned from the air force and five days later, on the day of the Czechoslovak general election, returned to Britain.[1]
Back in the UK, Kuttelwascher initially flew
On 13 August 1959, Kuttelwascher was on holiday in St Austell, Cornwall, when he suffered a heart attack. He was admitted to the local hospital, but on the night of 17 August he suffered a fatal second heart attack. He is buried at Uxbridge, Middlesex.[1]
Achievements and honours
Kuttelwascher had 18 confirmed air victories during the war. In 1942 Air Vice-Marshal Karel Janoušek rated him as one of "The greatest figures among our fighter pilots".[8]
Kuttelwascher's true total may have been higher. A number of 20 is often quoted, including aircraft he shot down when in the French Air Force in 1940. Kuttelwascher was the RAF's highest-scoring Czechoslovak pilot, most effective night intruder and sixth-most-successful night fighter. Other RAF night intruder pilots flew mostly radar-equipped aircraft.[1]
Awards
Kuttelwascher was awarded Czechoslovak, UK and French decorations:[1]
- Czechoslovak War Cross 1939–1945 five times
- Československá medaile Za chrabrost před nepřítelem ("Bravery in Face of the Enemy")
- Československá medaile za zásluhy, 1. stupně ("Medal of Merit, First Class")
- Pamětní medaile československé armády v zahraničí ("Commemorative Medal of the Czechoslovak Army Abroad") with France and Great Britain Bars"
- Distinguished Flying Cross and bar
- 1939–1945 Star with Battle of Britain clasp
- Air Crew Europe Star
- Defence Medal
- War Medal 1939–1945
- French Croix de Guerre with one palm and one silver star
Battle of Britain Memorial Flight Hurricane
In 2005 the RAF Battle of Britain Memorial Flight at RAF Coningsby in Lincolnshire painted its Hawker Hurricane PZ865 with the "JX-E" code letters in honour of Kuttelwascher and his "Night Reaper" Hurricane BE581.[11]
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "Karel Kuttelwascher – One of the Few". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 6 August 2018.
- ^ "Josef František – One of the Few". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 24 July 2010. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ^ a b Ludikar, Marcel (18 September 2014). "A short history of the Czechoslovak Air Force in WW2 and the Post-War Period". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ Mason 1965, p. 11.
- ^ "Kuttelwascher". Kracker Luftwaffe Archive. Aircrew Remembered.
- ISBN 978-1-78155-591-0.
- ^ "No. 40731". The London Gazette. 13 March 1956. p. 1522.
- ^ Janoušek 1942, p. 24.
- ^ "Congratulations to Karel Kuttelwascher". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 29 October 2016. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
- ^ "Silver Half Ounce 2017 Czechoslovak Airmen - Karel Kuttelwascher". Online Coin Club. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- ^ Darlington, Roger (29 November 2015). "Karel Kuttelwascher – The Night Reaper". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. Retrieved 12 October 2017.
Bibliography
- Brown, Alan (2000). Airmen in Exile, The Allied Air Forces in WWII. Stroud: ISBN 0-7509-2012-2.
- Darlington, Roger (1985). Night Hawk: the Biography of Flight Lieutenant Karel Kuttelwascher, DFC and Bar, the RAF's Greatest Night Intruder Ace. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0-7183-0574-4.
- Janoušek, Karel (1942). The Czechoslovak Air Force. London: Inspectorate-General of the Czechoslovak Air Force. p. 24.
- Liškutín, Miroslav A (1988). Challenge in the Air: a Spitfire pilot remembers. London: William Kimber. ISBN 0718306910.
- Mason, Francis K (1965). The Hawker Hurricane IIC. Leatherhead: Profile Publications Ltd.
External links
- Darlington, Roger (27 September 2011). "Remembering Karel Kuttelwascher". Free Czechoslovak Air Force.
- "Kuttelwascher 90th Anniversary medal presentation". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 15 October 2013.
- "Karel Kuttelwascher interview". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 16 October 2016. – Associated Press video
- "President Benes awards medals". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 20 October 1946. – Associated Press video