Korean People's Army
Korean People's Army | |
---|---|
조선인민군 Chosŏn inmin'gun | |
Korean People's Army Special Operation Force | |
Headquarters | State Affairs Commission, Pyongyang |
Leadership | |
Governing body | Central Military Commission (CMC) |
CMC leadership | Chairman: Marshal Kim Jong UnVice Chairmen: Marshal Ri Pyong-chol Vice Marshal Ri Yong-gil |
Army General Jong Kyong-thaek | |
Personnel | |
Military age | 17–30 |
Conscription | Yes |
Active personnel | 1,320,000[1] (ranked 5th) |
Reserve personnel | 560,000+[1] |
Expenditure | |
Budget | US$2 billion (2023)[2] |
Percent of GDP | 5.0% (2018)[2] |
Industry | |
Domestic suppliers | |
Foreign suppliers |
|
Related articles | |
Ranks | Military ranks of North Korea |
Korean People's Army | |
Chosŏn'gŭl | 조선인민군 |
---|---|
Hancha | 朝鮮人民軍 |
Revised Romanization | Joseon Inmingun |
McCune–Reischauer | Chosŏn Inmingun |
North Korea portal |
The Korean People's Army (KPA;
The KPA considers its primary adversaries to be the Republic of Korea Armed Forces and United States Forces Korea, across the Korean Demilitarized Zone, as it has since the Armistice Agreement of July 1953. As of 2021[update] it is the second largest military organisation in the world, with 29.9% of the North Korean population actively serving, in reserve or in a paramilitary capacity.[3][4]
History
Korean People's Revolutionary Army, 1932–1948
Korean Volunteer Army, 1939–1948
In 1939, the
Soviet Korean Units
Just after World War II and during the Soviet Union's occupation of the part of Korea north of the 38th Parallel, the Soviet 25th Army headquarters in Pyongyang issued a statement ordering all armed resistance groups in the northern part of the peninsula to disband on 12 October 1945. Two thousand Koreans with previous experience in the Soviet Red Army were sent to various locations around the country to organise constabulary forces with permission from Soviet military headquarters, and the force was created on 21 October 1945.[11]
Formation of National Army
The headquarters felt a need for a separate unit for security around railways, and the formation of the unit was announced on 11 January 1946. That unit was activated on 15 August of the same year to supervise existing security forces and creation of the national armed forces.[12]
Military institutes such as the Pyongyang Academy (became No. 2 KPA Officers School in Jan. 1949) and the Central Constabulary Academy (became KPA Military Academy in Dec. 1948) soon followed for the education of political and military officers for the new armed forces.
After the military was organised and facilities to educate its new recruits were constructed, the Constabulary Discipline Corps was reorganised into the Korean People's Army General Headquarters. The previously semi-official units became military regulars with the distribution of Soviet uniforms, badges, and weapons that followed the inception of the headquarters.[12]
The
Conflicts and events
Before the outbreak of the
In 1953, the
Soviet thinking on the strategic scale was replaced since December 1962 with a
Date of establishment history
Until 1977, the official date of establishment of the Korean People's Army was 8 February 1948. In 1978, the date was changed to 25 April 1932, the date the Korean People's Revolutionary Army, Kim Il Sung's anti-Japanese guerrilla force, was formed.[18][19] However, this change did not last, and by 2019, the KPA's date of establishment had been reverted to 8 February 1948.[20]
Organization
Commission and leadership
The charter of the WPK states that the KPA is "the revolutionary armed forces of the Workers’ Party of Korea and shall uphold the guidance of the party". The charter also states that the WPK Central Military Commission (CMC) is "the party's supreme institution on military guidance" and has "command over the armed forces of the republic". The CMC is headed by the general secretary of the WPK, who is also CMC chairman ex officio.[21] The state constitution also names the president of the State Affairs as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and stipulates that the mission of the armed forces is to "defend unto death the Party Central Committee headed by the great Comrade Kim Jong Un".[22]
Almost all officers of the KPA began their military careers as privates; only very few people are admitted to a military academy without prior service. The results is an egalitarian military system where officers are familiar with the life of a military private and "military nobility" is all but nonexistent.[23]
History
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2023) |
Since 1990, numerous and dramatic transformations within North Korea have led to the current command and control structure. The details of the majority of these changes are simply unknown to the world. What little is known indicates that many changes were the natural result of the deaths of the aging leadership including Kim Il Sung (July 1994), Minister of People's Armed Forces O Jin-u (February 1995) and Minister of Defence Choe Kwang (February 1997).
The vast majority of changes were undertaken to secure the power and position of
Within the KPA, between December 1991 and December 1995, nearly 800 high officers (out of approximately 1,200) received promotions and preferential assignments. Three days after Kim Jong Il became Marshal, eight generals were appointed to the rank of Vice-Marshal. In April 1997, on the 85th anniversary of Kim Il Sung's birthday, Kim Jong Il promoted 127 general and admiral grade officers. The following April he ordered the promotions of another 22 generals and flag officers. Along with these changes, many KPA officers were appointed to influential positions within the WPK. These promotions continue today, simultaneous with the celebration of Kim Il Sung's birthday and the KPA anniversary celebrations every April and since recently in July to honour the end of the Korean War. Under Kim Jong Il's leadership, political officers dispatched from the party monitored every move of a general's daily life, according to analysts[24] similar to the work of Soviet political commissars during the early and middle years of the military establishment.
Under Kim Jong Il, the KPA effectively exercised full control of both the Politburo and the CMC, the KPA General Political and General Staff Departments and the Ministry of Defence, all having KPA representatives with a minimum general officer rank. During this period the primary path for command and control of the KPA extended through the National Defence Commission which was led by its chairman Kim Jong Il until 2011, to the Ministry of Defence and its General Staff Department.[25] From there on, command and control flowed to the various bureaus and operational units. A secondary path, to ensure political control of the military establishment, extended through the CMC. The party's power was diluted; the CMC was stripped of its authority to command the KPA in 2010. The KPA party committee outranked provincial party committees, while KPA's General Political Bureau (GPB) had equal status to the WPK Central Committee.[21]
The organization of the KPA leadership was reformed again under Kim Jong Un. The Supreme People's Assembly (SPA) amended the constitution in June 2016, abolishing the National Defence Commission (NDC) except in times of war, and replacing it with the State Affairs Commission (SAC), which was named the "supreme policy-oriented leadership body of State power". Kim became the chairman of the State Affairs Commission on 29 June 2016. These amendments marked the decrease of the military's influence, with the newly established SAC including more civilian and less military members than the NDC.[26] The constitution was further amended in 2019.[22] The constitution now stipulated that the mission of North Korea's armed forces was to "defend unto death the Party Central Committee headed by the great Comrade Kim Jong Un". The chairman of the State Affairs Commission was named as the commander-in-chief of the armed forces as well as the "supreme representative of all the Korean people".[27]
The 8th WPK Congress held in 2021 marked the consolidation of WPK control over the army, as well as a further decrease in the army's power; the number of military delegates dropped from 719 in the 7th Congress to 408.[21] Politburo members increased from 28 to 30, though incumbent military elite membership decreased from eight to six. "Military-first policy" was also removed from the charter, being replaced by "people-first politics".[26] During the speech to the Congress, Kim Jong Un did not mention "army of the leader" to refer to the KPA, as it has been referred as before, instead naming it as an "army of the party", thus moving the party-army relations in the country closer to the ones typically found in other socialist states.[21]
The influence of the KPA Party Committee and the GPB was decreased; with the committee now ranking equal to provincial party committees. The GPB was also no longer equal to the Central Committee, while the CMC was again given effective command of the armed forces.[21] The Military Affairs Department of the WPK Central Committee was abolished, with its functions being transferred to the Department of Military-Political Leadership.[21]
Ground force formations
- Kangwon Province)
- II Corps (Pyongsan County, North Hwanghae Province)
- South Pyongan)
- IV Corps (Haeju, South Hwanghae Province)
- Kangwon Province)
- VII Corps (Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province)
- Pyongyang Defense Command
- XII Corps
- IX Corps (Chongjin, North Hamgyong Province)
- X Corps (Hyesan, Ryanggang Province)
- XI Corps (Tokchon, South Pyongan Province)
- Mechanised infantry divisions:
- 820th Tank Corps
Conscription and terms of service
North Korea has conscription for males for 10 years. Females are conscripted up until the age of 23.[28] Article 86 of the North Korean Constitution states: "National defence is the supreme duty and honour of citizens. Citizens shall defend the country and serve in the armed forces as required by law."[29]
KPA soldiers serve three years of military service in the KPA, which also runs its own factories, farms and trading arms.[24]
Paramilitary organisations
The Red Youth Guards are the youth cadet corps of the KPA for secondary level and university level students. Every Saturday, they hold mandatory 4-hour military training drills, and have training activities on and off campus to prepare them for military service when they turn 18 or after graduation, as well as for contingency measures in peacetime.
Under the Ministry of Social Security and the wartime control of the Ministry of Defence, and formerly the Korean People's Security Forces, the Korean People's Social Security Forces (KPSSF) forms the national gendarmerie and civil defence force of the KPA. The KPSSF has its units in various fields like civil defence, traffic management, civil disturbance control, and local security. It has its own special forces units. The service shares the ranks of the KPA (with the exception of Marshals) but wears different uniforms.
The Reserve Military Training Units or RMTUs constitute the primary reserve force component of the KPA.
Budget and commercial interests
The KPA's annual budget is approximately US$6 billion. In 2009, the U.S.
("Military First") policy elevates the KPA to the primary position in the government and society.According to
North Korea sells missiles and military equipment to many countries worldwide.[34] In April 2009, the United Nations named the Korea Mining and Development Trading Corporation (KOMID) as North Korea's primary arms dealer and main exporter of equipment related to ballistic missiles and conventional weapons. It also named Korea Ryonbong as a supporter of North Korea's military related sales.[35]
Historically, North Korea has assisted a vast number of revolutionary, insurgent and terrorist groups in more than 62 countries. A cumulative total of more than 5,000 foreign personnel have been trained in North Korea, and over 7,000 military advisers, primarily from the
North Korean instructors trained
Service branches
Ground Force
The Korean People's Army Ground Force (KPAGF) is the main branch of the Korean People's Army responsible for land-based military operations. It is the de facto army of North Korea.
The Korean People's Army Naval Force (KPANF) is organized into two fleets (West Fleet and East Fleet, the latter being the larger of the two) which, owing to the limited range and general disrepair of their vessels, are not able to support each other, let alone meet for joint operations.
Air and Anti-Air Force
The Korean People's Army Air Force (KPAF) is also responsible for North Korea's air and space defense forces through the use of anti-aircraft artillery, surface-to-air missiles (SAM) and satellites. Until April 2022, it was known as the KPA Air and Anti-Air Force. While much of the equipment is outdated, the high saturation of multilayered, overlapping, mutually supporting air defence sites provides a formidable challenge to enemy air attacks.[47]
Strategic Force
The Strategic Force is a major division of the KPA that controls North Korea's nuclear and conventional strategic missiles. It is mainly equipped with surface-to-surface missiles of Soviet and Chinese design, as well as locally developed long-range missiles.
Special Operation Force
The Korean People's Army Special Operation Force (KPASOF) is an asymmetric force with a total troop size of 200,000. Since the Korean War, it has continued to play a role of concentrating infiltration of troops into the territory of South Korea and conducting sabotage.[48]
Capabilities
After the Korean War, North Korea maintained a powerful, but smaller military force than that of South Korea. In 1967 the KPA forces of about 345,000 were much smaller than the South Korean ground forces of about 585,000.[49] North Korea's relative isolation and economic plight starting from the 1980s has now tipped the balance of military power into the hands of the better-equipped South Korean military.[34] In response to this predicament, North Korea relies on asymmetric warfare techniques and unconventional weaponry to achieve parity against high-tech enemy forces.[34] North Korea is reported to have developed a wide range of technologies towards this end, such as stealth paint to conceal ground targets,[50] midget submarines and human torpedoes,[51] blinding laser weapons,[52] and probably has a chemical weapons program and is likely to possess a stockpile of chemical weapons.[53] The Korean People's Army operates ZM-87 anti-personnel lasers, which are banned under the United Nations Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons.[52]
Since the 1980s, North Korea has also been actively developing its own
Despite the general fuel and ammunition shortages for training, it is estimated that the wartime strategic reserves of food for the army are sufficient to feed the regular troops for 500 days, while fuel and ammunition – amounting to 1.5 million and 1.7 million tonnes respectively – are sufficient to wage a full-scale war for 100 days.[58]
The KPA does not operate
A photograph of Kim Jong Un receiving a briefing from his top generals on 29 March 2013 showed a list that purported to show that the military had a minimum of 40 submarines, 13 landing ships, 6 minesweepers, 27 support vessels and 1,852 aircraft.[63]
The Korean People's Army operates a very large amount of equipment, including 4,100
In March 2024, Kim Jong Un was pictured driving a newly developed tank alongside soldiers taking part in drills which the leader said was preparation for war.[67]
North Korea possesses a vast array of long range artillery in shelters just north of the Korean Demilitarized Zone. It has been a long-standing cause for concern that a preemptive strike or retaliatory strike on Seoul using this arsenal of artillery north of the Demilitarized Zone would lead to a massive loss of life in Seoul. One estimate projected hundreds of thousands or possibly millions of fatalities if North Korea uses chemical or nuclear munitions.[68] A RAND Corporation conducted an extensive study in 2020 on a range of potential artillery bombardment scenarios and concluded that a strike on Seoul alone could result in over 100,000 casualties in the first hour of bombardment.[69]
Military equipment
Weapons
The KPA possess a variety of Chinese and Soviet sourced equipment and weaponry, as well as locally produced versions and improvements of the former.
There is a Korean People's Army Military Hardware Museum located in Pyongyang that displays a range of the equipment used.[74]
Chemical weapons
The
Nuclear capabilities
North Korea has tested a series of different missiles, including short-, medium-, intermediate-, and intercontinental-range, and submarine-launched ballistic missiles. Estimates of the country's nuclear stockpile vary: some experts, such as Hans M. Kristensen and Matt Korda[who?] believe Pyongyang may have assembled between twenty and thirty nuclear weapons, while U.S. intelligence believes the number to be between thirty and sixty.[75][76] The regime conducted two tests of an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) capable of carrying a large nuclear warhead in July 2017. The Pentagon confirmed North Korea's ICBM tests, and analysts estimate that the new missile has a potential range of 10,400 kilometres (6,500 mi) and, if fired on a flatter trajectory, could be capable of reaching mainland U.S. territory.[77][78][additional citation(s) needed]
Nuclear tests
On 9 October 2006, the North Korean government announced that it had unsuccessfully attempted a nuclear test for the first time. Experts at the United States Geological Survey and Japanese seismological authorities detected an earthquake with a preliminary estimated magnitude of 4.3 from the site in North Korea, proving the official claims to be true.[79]
North Korea also went on to claim that it had developed a nuclear weapon in 2009. It is widely believed to possess a stockpile of relatively simple nuclear weapons. The
On 3 September 2017, the North Korean leadership announced that it had conducted a nuclear test with what it claimed to be its first hydrogen bomb detonation.[83] The detonation took place at an underground location at the Punggye-ri nuclear test site in North Hamgyong Province at 12:00 pm local time.[84] South Korean officials claimed the test yielded 50 kilotons of explosive force, with many international observers claiming the test likely involved some form of a thermonuclear reaction.[84]
- 2006 North Korean nuclear test
- 2009 North Korean nuclear test
- 2013 North Korean nuclear test
- January 2016 North Korean nuclear test
- September 2016 North Korean nuclear test
- September 2017 North Korean nuclear test
Other
- Tonghae Satellite Launching Ground
- Ryanggang explosion
- Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center
- Songun
- Asymmetric warfare
- The launching of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 and Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 in 2012.
Uniforms
KPA officers and soldiers are most often seen wearing a mix of olive green or tan uniforms. The basic dress uniform consists of a tunic and pants (white tunics for general officers in special occasions); female soldiers wear knee length skirts but can sometimes wear pants.
Caps or peaked caps, especially for officers (and sometimes berets for women) are worn in spring and summer months and a Russian style fur hat (the
In non-dress uniforms, a steel helmet (the North Korean produced Type 40 helmet, a copy of the Soviet
Standard military boots are worn for combat, women wear low heel shoes or heel boots for formal parades.
During the parade on 10 October 2020, a range of at least five new pixelated camouflage patterns and new soldiers' combat gear such as body armor, bulletproof helmets of all branches were shown for the first time. Even though it was difficult to tell the patterns apart from each other, two different green based designs, an arid camouflage design, blue camouflage design, and a two-color pixelated camouflage pattern for mountain and winter warfare were all observed. Also, the use of MultiCam pattern uniforms by North Korean military personnel was first documented in 2020 during the same parade, although uniforms in this design may well have appeared in the armed forces inventory much earlier.
See also
- April 25 Sports Club
- Central Military Band of the Korean People's Army
- Joson Inmingun
- Korean conflict
- Military Foundation Day
- Republic of Korea Armed Forces
- Songun
- Worker-Peasant Red Guards
References
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Sources
- Bermudez, Joseph S. (2001). Shield of the Great Leader. The Armed Forces of North Korea. The Armed Forces of Asia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-582-0.
- Hodge, Homer T. (2003). "North Korea's Military Strategy". The US Army War College Quarterly: Parameters. 33 (1): 68–81. .
- ISBN 978-1-85743-437-8.
- Jane's World Air Forces. Issue 25, 2007. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group.
- North Korea Country Study (PDF). Library of Congress. 2009.
- Saunders, Stephen (ed.). Jane's Fighting ShipsVol. 110, 2007–2008. Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group.
- This article incorporates ISBN 1-58487-286-1. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
- ISBN 9781857439885.
Further reading
- Bermudez, Joseph S. (1998). North Korean special forces. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-066-3.
- Boik, William A. (2008). Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Springfield, VA: DBMPress.com. ISBN 978-0-615-19087-7.
- Mitzer, Stijn; Oliemans, Joost (2015). North Korea's Armed Forces: On the Path of Songun. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-910777-14-5.
- Tertitskiy, Fyodor (2022). The North Korean Army: History, Structure, Daily Life. Abingdon-on-Thames: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032147-15-4.