Kwinana Freeway
Kwinana Freeway | |
---|---|
General information | |
Type | Freeway |
Length | 72 km (45 mi)[1] |
Opened | 1959 |
Maintained by | Main Roads Western Australia |
Route number(s) |
|
Major junctions | |
North end | Mitchell Freeway (State Route 2), Perth |
| |
South end | Mandurah, Barragup |
Highway system | |
The Kwinana Freeway is a 72-kilometre (45 mi) freeway in and beyond the southern suburbs of Perth, Western Australia, linking central Perth with Mandurah to the south. It is the central section of State Route 2, which continues north as Mitchell Freeway to Clarkson, and south as Forrest Highway towards Bunbury. A 4-kilometre (2.5 mi) section between Canning and Leach highways is also part of National Route 1. Along its route are interchanges with several major roads, including Roe Highway and Mandjoogoordap Drive. The northern terminus of the Kwinana Freeway is at the Narrows Bridge, which crosses the Swan River, and the southern terminus is at Pinjarra Road, east of Mandurah.
Planning for the Kwinana Freeway began in the 1950s, and the first segment in
Route description
The Kwinana Freeway is the central section of State Route 2. It commences at the northern end of the Narrows Bridge, Perth, continuing south from the Mitchell Freeway, and terminates at the Pinjarra Road interchange at Barragup, where it then transitions to Forrest Highway. All intersections with the freeway are grade separated.[1][2] Route access is controlled and the speed limit is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) north of South Terrace, increasing to 100 kilometres per hour (60 mph) north of Safety Bay Road, while south of the road route access is uncontrolled, though it remains a state route and the speed limit becomes 110 kilometres per hour (70 mph).[3] From Perth to Mill Point Road, the freeway has five lanes northbound and six lanes southbound, including a bus lane in the southbound direction only. South of Mill Point Road to Roe Highway/Murdoch Drive the freeway is three lanes southbound and four lanes northbound with no hard shoulder north of Canning Highway reducing to three lanes south of Canning without any bus lanes except for bus-only ramps at the
Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state's road network, including many locations along the Kwinana Freeway.[7]: 3 The busiest section is at the northern end, on the Narrows Bridge, which averaged over 93,000 vehicles per weekday in 1979. This increased to over 135,000 in 1988/89, 156,000 in 1998/99, and 160,000 in 2007/08. The volume generally declines as the freeway travels south, with the fewest vehicles recorded near the southern end. There were fewer than 46,000 vehicles per weekday near the Canning Highway terminus in 1978, while in 1998/89 there were under 45,000 north of South Street. For 1998/99 there were fewer than 27,000 vehicles per weekday north of Thomas Road, and during 2007/08 fewer than 38,000 were recorded between Mundijong Road and Safety Bay Road.[note 1] As of 2013[update], the Kwinana Freeway is one of the most congested commuter routes in Perth, during
Swan and Canning Rivers
The Kwinana Freeway begins at the Narrows Bridge, and travels south from The Narrows alongside the
The first major interchange is with Canning Highway. National Route 1 is allocated to Canning Highway to the east, and to the Kwinana Freeway to the south of the interchange. The design is a diamond interchange, with additional bus-only ramps connecting to the median lanes of the freeway. The Canning Bridge bus and railway transfer station is located at the interchange. A partial Y interchange with Manning Road, consisting of a northbound entrance ramp and southbound entrance and exit ramp, is located 400 metres (1,300 ft)[13] south of Canning Highway. These ramps merge with the ramps on the south side of the Canning Highway interchange, allowing access between the highway and Manning Road. The Kwinana Freeway continues south, with the suburbs of Manning and Salter Point to the east, and Canning River to its west. The freeway passes by Aquinas College, 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) south of Manning Road, and reaches the Mount Henry Peninsula after another 600 metres (2,000 ft).[1][2][13]
The 660-metre-long (2,170 ft) Mount Henry Bridge carries the freeway across the Canning River, from Salter Point to Mount Pleasant. The freeway travels through the suburb for 450 metres (1,480 ft)[13] to Cranford Avenue, a half-diamond interchange with northbound entrance and southbound exit ramps. The Kwinana Freeway continues south for another 600 metres (2,000 ft)[13] through Brentwood to Leach Highway.[1][2]
Southern suburbs of Perth
Through the southern suburbs of Perth, the Kwinana Freeway travels south as the boundary between various suburbs. The Leach Highway interchange houses the Bull Creek train and bus interchange station, and the Murdoch Station is co-located with the
A free-flowing combination interchange, 800 metres (2,600 ft)[13] south of Farrington Road, connects the Kwinana Freeway to Roe Highway and Murdoch Drive. The interchange is situated between four suburbs: Leeming, (north-east), North Lake (north-west), Bibra Lake, (south-west), and Jandakot. Roe Highway is part of State Route 3, Perth's ring route, and is a major controlled-access link to Perth's north-east while Murdoch Drive provides an alternative southern access option to the aforementioned educational and health care facilities in Murdoch. Full movements are allowed for Roe Highway while Murdoch Drive only allows access for traffic travelling to and from areas further south (South Street and Farrington Road already cover the northern movements). There have been long-standing but controversial plans to extend Roe Highway west to Hamilton Hill, which would necessitate upgrading the interchange further.[14][15] Following Roe Highway, the freeway continues its journey south, between the residential areas of South Lake and Jandakot. Houses east of the freeway surround the Glen Iris Public Golf Course.
South of Rowley Road
South of the Rowley Road diamond interchange, development is sparse, except in Bertram, southwest of the Thomas Road interchange. The freeway progresses through swampy rural land for 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi),[16] passing by Lake Balmanup in Wandi on its way to the diamond interchange at Anketell Road. The Kwinana Freeway continues south along the edge of Jandakot Regional Park, near to The Spectacles Wetlands, reaching Thomas Road after another 2.4 kilometres (1.5 mi).[16] The Mandurah rail line deviates from the freeway median 1 kilometre (0.62 mi)[16] north of the interchange, thereafter travelling south-west towards Rockingham. From Thomas Road to the next interchange at Mortimer Road, 2.7 kilometres (1.7 mi)[16] further south, the land to the west of the freeway in Bertram has been developed into a residential area. After the latter interchange, development again becomes sparse, as the freeway travels south near swampland and bodies of water, including Folly Pool and Maramanup Pool. The next interchanges are with Mundijong Road after 4.7 kilometres (2.9 mi),[16] Safety Bay Road after another 3.9 kilometres (2.4 mi),[16] and Karnup Road following a further 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi).[16] There is a pocket of newly developed urban land near Safety Bay Road, south of the freeway.[1][2]
South of Karnup Road, the following two interchanges are constructed as
History
The Kwinana Freeway began as a proposed controlled-access road to link the Narrows Bridge in Perth with the developing area of the City of Kwinana. Planning began in 1954,[17]: 143 after the concept had been announced by Acting Premier John Tonkin on 24 July 1953.[18] The original route travelled through South Perth to Canning Highway, and included a new bridge over the Canning River. The planned route was later adjusted so that it crossed the river further south, due to the expected traffic volume, and difficulties in construction and traffic management at the existing Canning River Bridge.[17]: 143
Initial construction
In 1956, the Government of Western Australia decided to construct the first section of the freeway, between the Narrows Bridge and Canning Highway. An extension was planned to be constructed seven years later.[17]: 143 This first stage was built alongside the Swan River, on the edge of South Perth. Undeveloped land was used where possible, and the edge of the river was filled in at various points. Access to the river was maintained via five pedestrian bridges over the freeway, leading to the existing Como Beach and Jetty, and new areas on the river foreshore created during the project.[17]: 144 [19] A significant change to the foreshore was the relocation of the South of Perth Yacht Club.[20] In 1960, the club moved from the Canning River's eastern shore, at Olives Reserve in Como, to Coffee Point in Applecross, on the western shore.[21] The termination of the Kwinana Freeway at Canning Highway meant that the highway would be part of the main link between Perth and Kwinana, along with the freeway and Stock Road. Therefore, Canning Highway was upgraded to a dual carriageway. The upgrade works included the construction of a new bridge across the Canning River, next to the existing bridge, built in 1938. This allowed for six lanes of traffic on Canning Highway. Construction of this stage was completed in 1959,[17]: 143–44 before the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) in 1971.[22] In 1974, this first section was described by the EPA as "environmental desecration".[23] This was primarily due to the public being denied access to the foreshore environment. Pedestrian overpasses were described as ineffective for "obvious physical [and] psychological reasons", and the impact on the riverfront was described as a "blight which has descended there".[23]: 52
First extension
The first major work on the freeway after it opened was the construction of a new interchange in South Perth in the 1970s. The interchange included a complicated bridge design, which began at Judd Street, crossed over the freeway, and curved down to join the northbound carriageway. The $2.7 million interchange was opened on 13 December 1976 by the minister for works, Ray O'Connor.[17]: 283 This was followed by a southern extension, which would be constructed alongside the environmentally sensitive area surrounding Canning River. Preparation work included an extensive study on the effects on the environment and community, the most detailed to be undertaken in Western Australia thus far.[17]: 284 The EPA recommended abandoning the concept of a freeway, for both the existing road and the first extension, to restore accessibility to the foreshore.[23]: 53 The Main Roads Department disagreed that a lower standard at-grade road would be sufficient, as large volumes of traffic were forecast, and any pedestrian access would be "extremely dangerous". Main Roads contended that a grade separated road would be the safest and most efficient option for both pedestrian and vehicles.[23]: 69 A botanical report on the extension found that no unique species or ecological unit would be under threat from the proposal,[23]: 59 and the Swan River Conservation Board[note 2] had no objections.[23]: 64 The extension was then approved by the State Government in 1974, and by the
As part of the extension project, construction began in 1976 on the Canning Interchange at Canning Highway. This interchange included a
Further extensions
For the next stage of the freeway, an extension south to Thomas Road, multiple routes were investigated. The preferred route was selected based on the least impact from a combination of engineering, social, and environmental factors.[26]: 8 The environmental factors considered were conservation areas associated with Thompsons Lake, west of the alignment, three "good quality" wetlands along the alignment, as well as patches of vegetation that were considered "nothing special". The conservation of these areas and associated vegetation was considered desirable.[26]: 41
This extension was completed in two stages. The first was a 7.1-kilometre (4.4 mi) extension to Forrest Road,[note 3] which opened on 12 December 1991, at a cost of $36.7 million.
Subsequently, the freeway was extended a further 11.7 kilometres (7.3 mi) to Thomas Road. Main Roads looked for opportunities to improve the environment during the planning of this segment. These included the establishment of a protected strip of vegetation alongside the freeway, and the preservation or enhancement of remnant wetlands under threat from urban expansion. The main negative impacts of construction would be controlled through vegetation reinstatement and drainage management plans, as well as the use of "standard techniques" for preventing pollution, which was recognised as a severe environmental impact. The proposed route had the least environmental consequences compared with viable alternatives, and was the Department of Environment and Conservation's preferred route.[28]
The impact on wetlands was further investigated by the EPA in 1992. The EPA estimated that 50 hectares (120 acres) of wetland habitat would be lost, including 20 hectares (49 acres) with conservation status. The EPA's report concluded that the alignment was not ideal from an environmental standpoint, but recognised the social importance of constructing the freeway, which would facilitate development of the area. The authority was satisfied that the project's environmental repercussions could be managed, with the key recommendation of replacing the function of impacted wetlands.
In 1988, the State Planning Commission proposed defining a reservation for the extension of the Kwinana Freeway to the southern edge of Perth Metropolitan Region, north-east of Mandurah. The northern and southern sections of the route were predetermined by factors including existing and proposed developments, power transmission lines, the location of wetlands and the Serpentine River, and required setbacks from an explosives depot at Baldivis. A number of routes were investigated for the central section, between Mortimer Road and Stakehill Road. The EPA found all proposed routes acceptable, and that the preferred route minimised environmental impact.[31] A report for a later stage regarded the approval for this section as lacking strict stipulations for the management of environmental impact, which was attributed to the assessment of the era not being subject to recent environmental regulations and scrutiny.[32]: 23 A 12-kilometre-long (7.5 mi) extension along this alignment, to Safety Bay Road in Baldivis, was opened on 23 June 2001 by Premier Geoff Gallop. This project also included grade separation of the existing at-grade intersections.[33] The Kwinana Freeway Bus Transitway was completed soon afterwards, in February 2002.[34][35]
New Perth Bunbury Highway
Construction of an extension to the freeway, initially known as the "New Perth Bunbury Highway", began in December 2006. The project consisted of a 32-kilometre (20 mi) freeway-standard extension to Pinjarra Road and the Murray River at South Yunderup, and a 38-kilometre (24 mi) highway-standard dual carriageway to Old Coast Road at Lake Clifton.[36] It had undergone an environmental assessment by the EPA in 2000. Main Roads proposed management plans for each environmental factor identified by the EPA. Only clearing of vegetation critical for road construction would be undertaken, and more vegetation would be replaced than the amount impacted, using local native species. A flora survey found no rare species, and only one priority species, Lasiopetalum membranaceum, near the southern end of the project. Road construction would impact one conservation class wetland, but no protected wetlands. To minimise impact, road drainage would be designed to contain spills, and prevent direct discharges into the surrounding environment. Noise levels would be contained to an acceptable limit in the road design, in accordance with the Main Roads traffic noise policy. The EPA concluded that the road could be designed and managed to an acceptable standard.[37] Main Roads' 2006 plan for environmental management of the project included numerous aspects, described as best management practices, which for the northern segment of the project were beyond the environmental approval requirements. Specific plans were developed regarding fauna, vegetation, dieback and weeds, and revegetation and rehabilitation. Other areas with specific plans included topsoil management, drainage, construction (covering dust, noise, and vibrations), foreshores, and both Aboriginal and European heritage.[32]: 23–24 The actual road names were not known until early 2009, when Transport Minister
Bus transitway
Dedicated
In 1999, the state government announced that a two way bus transitway would be built in the Kwinana Freeway
2005 flooding
During the afternoon on 13 May 2005, a water pipe burst near the southbound Mill Point Road entrance ramp in South Perth, releasing 7 megalitres (1.8 million US gallons) of water and 60 tonnes (130 thousand pounds) of sand. This caused widespread flooding in the area, submerged the southbound lanes of the freeway, and collapsed the ramp. There was traffic gridlock in the city and much of the metropolitan area, lasting throughout the afternoon and into the night. Repairs to the entrance ramp took more than a week to be completed.[46][47][48]
Widening
In March 2011, it was announced that the Kwinana Freeway between Leach Highway and Roe Highway would be widened from two to three lanes in each direction.
Widening of the Kwinana Freeway with an extra southbound lane between Roe Highway and Armadale Road began in mid-2014.
Widening of the corresponding northbound section from Russell/Gibbs Road to Farrington Road commenced in late 2018 in conjunction with the extension of Roe Highway to link with Murdoch Drive. The project consists of the following:
- A third lane added from the Russell Road/Gibbs Road interchange to the Armadale Road/Beeliar Drive interchange.
- A collector-distributor lane system in addition to a third lane up to Berrigan Drive (allowing for the construction of a half-diamond interchange with North Lake Road).[58]
- The above lanes merge to form four lanes of traffic up to Farrington Road aside from small section of three lanes under the westbound Roe Highway overpass.
- A reconstruction of the Principal Shared Path (PSP) or cycle path along the freeway with additional lighting.[59][60]
In addition the interchange with Roe Highway was modified to become a partial
A proposal was drawn in the 1980s to construct a southbound on-ramp at the partial interchange with Manning Road.[62] The land requirements were included on the Perth Metropolitan Region Scheme. The City of South Perth considers the ramp a "major priority"[63] that would increase its road network connectivity, reduce traffic congestion, and improve commuter safety.[63] In 2001, the City estimated the construction cost to be $1.77 million.[64] Construction of the ramp commenced in October 2019 at a cost of $35 million, and was opened on the morning of 13 July 2020.[62][65]
The northbound section between Mount Henry Bridge and the Narrows Bridge was converted to a smart freeway system during 2019-20. The main features of the project include:
- Conversion of the emergency lane north of Canning Highway to a fourth lane (all lane running).
- Installation of variable message and speed limit signs, allowing for opening and closing lanes.
- Ramp signalling on the northbound entries to the freeway from Farrington Road to Cranford Avenue.[66]
A half-diamond interchange with North Lake Road was also constructed. This project involved the construction of a bridge over Kwinana Freeway with north-facing on and off ramps, reconnecting Armadale Road to North Lake Road after the original connection (then known as Forrest Road) was severed during the 1990s as part of the freeway extension. Grade separated roundabouts will also be constructed at Tapper Road / Verde Drive and at a new Beeliar Drive / Solomon Road intersection along with improved access to Cockburn Central railway station. Construction began in late 2019, with the bridge and associated interchanges opened on the morning of 16 December 2021.[67][68]
Interchanges
LGA | Location | km[3] | mi | Destinations | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Joondalup | Freeway terminus: continues north as Mitchell Freeway | ||||
Swan River | 0.00– 0.34 | 0.00– 0.21 | Narrows Bridge | ||
South Perth | South Perth | 0.59 | 0.37 | Mill Point Road – South Perth | Northbound exit only |
1.08– 1.41 | 0.67– 0.88 | Modified directional T interchange: no northbound exit | |||
Como–South Perth boundary | 2.98 | 1.85 | South Terrace – Como, Kensington, South Perth | Southbound exit only | |
Fremantle, Perth Airport | National Route 1 northern concurrency terminus; additional "bus-only" ramps to/from Perth; southbound entrance and Manning Road exit ramps merge, requiring weaving | ||||
5.65– 5.75 | 3.51– 3.57 | Manning Road (State Route 26) – Manning, Bentley | Partial Y interchange: no northbound exit available; northbound entrance ramp connects to the freeway and Canning Highway; access to Canning Bridge railway station. | ||
Canning River | 8.05– 8.71 | 5.00– 5.41 | Mount Henry Bridge | ||
Melville | Brentwood–Mount Pleasant boundary | 8.96– 9.05 | 5.57– 5.62 | Cranford Avenue – Brentwood, Mount Pleasant | Northbound entrance and southbound exit only |
Brentwood– Fremantle, Perth Airport | National Route 1 southern concurrency terminus; modified Parclo interchange: access to Bull Creek railway station | ||||
Bateman–Bull Creek– St John of God Hospital, Murdoch | Modified diamond interchange: northbound exit ramp looped; access to Murdoch railway station | ||||
Melville–Cockburn boundary | Leeming–Murdoch–North Lake tripoint | 13.11 | 8.15 | Farrington Road – Leeming, North Lake, Jandakot Airport | Northbound entrance and southbound exit only. Weaving is required between South Street and Farrington Road |
Cockburn | North Lake–Bibra Lake–Jandakot tripoint | 13.83– 14.84 | 8.59– 9.22 | Roe Highway (State Route 3) eastbound / Murdoch Drive westbound – Midland, Murdoch, Jandakot Airport, Perth Airport | Partial combination interchange, Roe West to Kwinana North and Murdoch East to Kwinana South ramps looped. No connection available for Kwinana South to Murdoch West nor Murdoch East to Kwinana North. |
Cockburn Central–Jandakot–South Lake tripoint | 16.42– 17.38 | 10.20– 10.80 | Berrigan Drive – Jandakot, South Lake, Jandakot Airport | ||
Cockburn Central–Jandakot boundary | 18.12– 18.62 | 11.26– 11.57 | Armadale Road eastbound / North Lake Road westbound – Armadale, Jandakot, Bibra Lake, Myaree | Half-diamond interchange for non-bus traffic, direct bus only access to Cockburn Central railway station.[58] | |
Cockburn Central–Jandakot–Atwell–Success quadripoint | 18.62– 19.62 | 11.57– 12.19 | Beeliar Drive (State Route 14) – Armadale, Yangebup, Jandakot, Cockburn Central | Access to Cockburn Central railway station from the south | |
Atwell–Success–Aubin Grove–Hammond Park quadripoint | 21.90– 22.93 | 13.61– 14.25 | Gibbs Road eastbound / Russell Road westbound – Forrestdale, Henderson | Access to Aubin Grove railway station | |
Cockburn–Kwinana boundary | Aubin Grove–Hammond Park–Mandogalup–Wandi quadripoint | 24.47– 25.26 | 15.20– 15.70 | Rowley Road – Oakford, Wattleup | |
Kwinana | Mandogalup–Wandi–Anketell–The Spectacles quadripoint | 27.82– 28.63 | 17.29– 17.79 | Anketell Road – Oakford, Kwinana industrial area | |
Anketell–The Spectacles–Bertram–Casuarina quadripoint | 30.22– 30.99 | 18.78– 19.26 | Thomas Road (State Route 21) – Byford, Kwinana Town Centre, Rockingham | ||
Bertram–Casuarina–Wellard tripoint | 33.02– 33.69 | 20.52– 20.93 | Mortimer Road – Kwinana Town Centre, Casuarina, Wellard | ||
Rockingham | Baldivis | 37.68– 38.42 | 23.41– 23.87 | Kulija Road westbound / Mundijong Road eastbound (State Route 22) – Mundijong, Rockingham | |
41.55– 42.36 | 25.82– 26.32 | Safety Bay Road (State Route 18) westbound / Folly Road eastbound – Rockingham, Baldivis | |||
46.69– 47.53 | 29.01– 29.53 | Karnup Road – Karnup, Serpentine | |||
no through road | |||||
Mandurah, Stake Hill | Dogbone interchange | ||||
Stake Hill | 63.17– 63.18 | 39.25– 39.26 | Serpentine River bridge | ||
63.58– 64.40 | 39.51– 40.02 | Lakes Road – Mandurah, North Dandalup | |||
Nambeelup | 66.44– 66.52 | 41.28– 41.33 | Nambeelup Brook bridge | ||
Mandurah, Pinjarra | Folded diamond interchange; freeway terminus: continues southbound as Forrest Highway (State Route 2) | ||||
|
See also
Notes
- ^ Data from traffic counts recorded by Main Roads Western Australia (previously known as the Main Roads Department) in 1978,[8] 1979,[9] 1988/89,[10] 1998/99,[11] and 2007/08.[7]: 73–74
- ^ The Swan River Conservation Board was replaced by the Swan River Management Authority in 1977, which was succeeded by the Swan River Trust in 1989.[24]
- ^ Forrest Road has been renamed Armadale Road east of the freeway, and Beeliar Drive and North Lake Road west of the freeway.[2][27]
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- ^ a b "Kwinana Freeway Widening". Main Roads Western Australia. December 2012. Archived from the original on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ^ "Kwinana Freeway Widening (Leach Highway To Roe Highway)" (PDF). Australian Government. August 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Kwinana Freeway Widening". Main Roads Western Australia. 28 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 September 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ a b "Kwinana Freeway Southbound Widening: Roe Highway to Armadale Road". Main Roads Western Australia. 15 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
- ^ "Kwinana Freeway Southbound Widening". Government of Western Australia. 18 November 2014. Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Kwinana Freeway Widening Stage 2: Armadale Road to Russell Road" (PDF). Main Roads WA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ "Russell Road Upgrade". Public Transport Authority. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ a b "Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge". Main Roads WA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ "Kwinana Freeway Northbound Widening" (PDF). Main Roads WA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ "Kwinana Freeway Northbound Widening". Main Roads WA. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 22 September 2019.
- ^ Saffioti, Rita. "Joint media statement - Murdoch Drive Connection opens to traffic". Government of Western Australia. Archived from the original on 20 April 2020. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
- ^ a b "Media Statements - Opening of time-saving Manning Road on-ramp to Kwinana Freeway". Media Statements WA. 13 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
- ^ a b Doherty, Sue (11 October 2012). "Manning Road on-ramp". City of South Perth. Archived from the original on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
- ^ "Attachment 9.4.3 Road Rehabilitation – Recommended Programme 2002–2003" (PDF). South Perth Council Meeting. City of South Perth. 22 May 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2009. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
- ^ "Kwinana Freeway Southbound on-ramp from Manning Road". Main Roads WA. Archived from the original on 24 August 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2019.
- ^ "Smart Freeway - Kwinana Northbound". Main Roads WA. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
- ^ Cipriano, Belinda (14 March 2018). "Sod turning marks the start of Armadale Road upgrades". Cockburn Gazette. Community News. Archived from the original on 17 December 2018. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
- ^ "Armadale Road to North Lake Road Bridge". Main Roads WA. Archived from the original on 16 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
External links
- Main Roads Western Australia
- State Library of Western Australia Pictorial collection of historical Kwinana Freeway photographs