Tran dynasty that led Vietnamese rebellions against the Chinese Ming dynasty from between 1407 and 1413. The regime was characterized by two revolts against the Ming China which had by then established its rule over Vietnam
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History
First phase (1407–1409)
Main article:
Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam
The
Tran Quy Khoang continued leading the struggle against the Ming dynasty.[4] Tran Quy Khoang sent two missions to the Yongle emperor seeking recognition. The first pair of envoys were executed, but the Ming accepted the second pair, who carried statues of gold and silver to substitute for Tran Quy Khoang's personal presence. Yongle, who had promoted Ho Quy Ly's son Ho Nguyen Trung to a high court position, appointed Ho Nguyen Trung to speak to the envoys and find out more information. One of the envoys revealed the "true" situation to Ho, then accepted the Ming's offer to appoint Tran Quy Khoang as the Province Commissioner of Jiaozhi Province and appoint that envoy as the magistrate of Nghe An. However, upon returning, the envoy who accepted the offer was executed by Tran Quy Khoang, who was displeased at the envoy accepting the lower position on his behalf.[5]
Second phase and defeat (1409–1414)
Tran Quy Khoang eventually renewed his movement, rally more people into his rebellion. Zhang Fu was ordered to return Jiaozhi to suppress the Vietnamese, and learned that Tran Quy Khoang had high ambitions in that part of the world and would not allow the Ming emperor to dictate the destiny of his people.[6] Zhang Fu again mobilized a strong force of 24,000, battled Tran Quy Khoang's forces in Nam Định on February 12, 1411, killed 4,500 and captured 2,000.[7] On August 6, the Ming army under general Zhang Sheng won fiercely battle in Thanh Hóa, sank 160 vessels, captured 120 boats and killed hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese.[6][8]
Outgunned and outnumbered, Tran Quy Khoang and his partisans continued fought against the superior Ming forces by utilizing Vietnam's terrains against the Ming regulars, and retreating into Cambodia when necessary.[6] By end of 1413, his force lost 60% to 70% and was forced to steal food and crop from the Ming granaries for survival. He, his wife, and his brother were captured by the Ming on March 30, 1414, and was executed in Nanjing on August 16.[9]
Sun, Laichen (2006), "Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497", in Reid, Anthony; Tran, Nhung Tuyet (eds.), Viet Nam: Borderless Histories, University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 72–120,
