Military junta
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A military junta (
A junta often comes to power as a result of a
Throughout the 20th century, military juntas were frequently seen in Latin America, typically in the form of an "institutionalized, highly corporate/professional junta" headed by the commanding officers of the different military branches (army, navy, and air force), and sometimes joined by the head of the national police or other key bodies.[3] Political scientist Samuel Finer, writing in 1988, noted that juntas in Latin America tended to be smaller than juntas elsewhere; the median junta had 11 members, while Latin American juntas typically had three or four.[3] "Corporate" military coups have been distinguished from "factional" military coups. The former are carried out by the armed forces as an institution, led by senior commanders at the top of the military hierarchy, while the latter are carried out by a segment of the armed forces and are often led by mid-ranking officers.[3][6]
A 2014 study published in the
Current examples
Africa
- Burkina Faso – Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration (2022–)
- Chad – Transitional Administration (2022–)[8]
- Gabon – Committee for the Transition and Restoration of Institutions (2023–)
- Guinea – National Committee of Reconciliation and Development (2021–)
- Mali – Transitional Administration (2021–)[9]
- Niger – National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland (2023–)
- Sudan – Transitional Sovereignty Council (2021–)[10][11]
Asia
- Myanmar – State Administration Council (2021–)
Former examples
Africa
- Burkina Faso – National Council for Democracy (2015)
- Transitional Military Council(2021–2022)
- Egypt – Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (2011–2012)
- Equatorial Guinea – Supreme Military Council (1979–1982)
- Ethiopia – Derg (1974–1987)
- The Gambia – Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996)
- Ghana – National Liberation Council (1966–1969), Supreme Military Council (1975–1979), Provisional National Defence Council (1981–1993)
- Guinea – Military Committee of National Restoration (1984–1991)
- Liberia – People's Redemption Council (1980–1984)
- Libya – Revolutionary Command Council (1969–1977)
- Mali – Military Committee for National Liberation (1968–1979), Military Committee for National Salvation (1979–1992), National Committee for the Salvation of the People (2020–2021)[12]
- Mauritania – Military Committee for National Recovery (1978–1979), Military Council for Justice and Democracy (2005–2007), High Council of State (2008–2009)
- Niger – Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy (2010–2011)
- Military juntas(1966–1979 and 1983–1999)
- Sierra Leone – National Reformation Council (1967–1968)
- Somalia – Supreme Revolutionary Council (1969–1976)
- Sudan – National Revolutionary Command Council (1969–1971), Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (1989–1993), Transitional Military Council (1985–1986), Transitional Military Council (2019)
Americas
- Argentina – Argentine Revolution (1966–1973), National Reorganization Process (1976–1983)
- Bolivia – Bolivian military juntas (1861, 1879–1880, 1899, 1920–1921, 1930–1931, 1936–1938, 1943–1944, 1946–1947, 1951–1952, 1964–1966, 1970–1971 and 1980–1982)
- 1930, and 1969 (part of the wider 1964–1985 military dictatorship)
- Chile – Government Junta (1973–1990)
- Colombia – Military Junta (1957–1958)
- Ecuador – Military Junta (1963), Supreme Council of Government (1976–1979)
- El Salvador – Civic Directory (1931), Junta of Government (1960–1961), Civic-Military Directory (1961–1962), Revolutionary Government Junta (1979–1982)
- Guatemala – Junta of the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état
- Haiti – Junta of the 1991 Haitian coup d'état (1991–1994)
- Nicaragua – Junta of National Reconstruction (1979–1985)
- Peru – Military junta (1962–1963), Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru (1968–1980)
- Suriname – National Military Council (1980–1987)
- Uruguay – Military junta (1973–1985)
- Venezuela – Military junta (1948–1958)
Asia
- Bangladesh – Military governments of Ziaur Rahman (1975–1981) and Hussain Muhammad Ershad (1982–1990)
- China (Republic of) – Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion (1948–1991) used by the Kuomintang after the fall of mainland China to the Communists[citation needed]
- Indonesia – Military government of Suharto, also known as the New Order (1966–1998)
- Iraq – Sovereignty Council (1958–1963)
- Myanmar – Union Revolutionary Council (1962–1974), State Peace and Development Council (1988–2011)
- (1999–2008)
- South Korea – Military governments of Park Chung Hee (1962–1979, initially as the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction) and Chun Doo-hwan (1980–1988)
- Syria – National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963–1966)
- Thailand – National Peace Keeping Council (1991–1992), Council for National Security (2006–2008), National Council for Peace and Order (2014–2019)
Europe
- Bulgaria – Junta of the 1934 Bulgarian coup d'état (1934–1935)
- Georgia – Military Council of the Republic of Georgia (1992)
- Greece – Regime of the Colonels, officially the "Revolutionary Committee" (1967–1974)
- Poland – Military Council of National Salvation (1981–1983)
- Portugal – National Salvation Junta (1974–1975)
- Turkey[a] – National Unity Committee (1960–1961), Council for National Security (1980–1983)
Oceania
- Fiji – Military government of Frank Bainimarama (2006–2014)[13]
See also
- Civilian control of the military
- Civil–military relations
- Stratocracy
References
- ^ Turkey is a part of both Europe and Asia
- ^ a b Junta, Encyclopædia Britannica (last updated 1998).
- JSTOR 3694260.
- ^ a b c d Paul Brooker, Non-Democratic Regimes (Palgrave Macmillan: 2d ed. 2009), pp. 148-150.
- ^ a b c d e Paul Brooker, Comparative Politics (ed. Daniele Caramani: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 101-102.
- ^ Brooker, Non-Democratic Regimes (2d ed.), p. 153.
- ^ David Kuehn, "Democratic Control of the Military" in Handbook of the Sociology of the Military (eds. Giuseppe Caforio & Marina Nuciari: Springer, 2nd ed.), p. 164.
- ^ .
- ^ Ramadane, Mahamat (2 October 2022). "Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years". Reuters. N'Djamena. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
- ^ Ahmed, Baba (2 January 2022). "Mali junta defies mediators with 5-year transition plan". Associated Press. Bamako. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022). "Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ "Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP". The Africa Report.com. 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-02-02.
- ^ "Fiji holds historic election after years of military rule - DW - 17.09.2014". DW.com. Deutsche Welle.