Palatines
Regions with significant populations | |
---|---|
The Palatinate, Germantown, Philadelphia, New York, German Pennsylvania, U.S. | |
Languages | |
Palatine German, Pennsylvania Dutch, | |
Religion | |
Roman Catholic, Lutheran, German Reformed | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Fancy Dutch, Pennsylvania Dutch, German Americans, Hessians |
Palatines (Palatine German: Pälzer) were the citizens and princes of the Palatinates, Holy Roman States that served as capitals for the Holy Roman Emperor.[1][2][3] After the fall of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the nationality referred more specifically to residents of the Rhenish Palatinate, known simply as "the Palatinate".[4]
American Palatines, including the Pennsylvania Dutch, have maintained a presence in the United States since 1632, and are collectively known as "Palatine Dutch" (Palatine German: Pälzisch Deitsche).[5][6][7]
Holy Roman Nationality
Paladins
The term palatine or palatinus was first used in the
After the
The Holy Roman Emperor sent the counts palatine to various parts of his empire to act as judges and governors; the states they ruled were called Palatinates.[10] Being in a special sense the representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, they were entrusted with more extended power than ordinary counts. In this way came about the later and more general use of the word "palatine", its application as an adjective to persons entrusted with royal Holy Roman powers and privileges—and also to the states and people they ruled over.[9]
Holy Roman Empire
Counts palatine were the permanent representatives of the Holy Roman Emperor, in a palatial domain (Palatinate) of the crown. There were dozens of these royal palatinates (Pfalzen) throughout the early empire, and the emperor would travel between them, as there was no imperial capital.
In the empire, the term count palatine was also used to designate the officials who assisted the emperor in exercising the rights which were reserved for his personal consideration,
During the 11th century, some imperial palatine counts became a valuable political counterweight against the mighty duchies. Surviving old palatine counties were turned into new institutional pillars through which the imperial authority could be exercised. By the reigns of Henry the Fowler and especially of Otto the Great, comites palatini were sent into all parts of the country to support the royal authority by checking the independent tendencies of the great tribal dukes. Apparent thereafter was the existence of a count palatine in Saxony, and of others in Lorraine, in Bavaria and in Swabia, their duties being to administer the royal estates in these duchies.[9]
Next to the Dukes of Lotharingia, Bavaria, Swabia and Saxony, who had become dangerously powerful feudal princes, loyal supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor were installed as counts palatine.
The Lotharingian palatines out of the Ezzonian dynasty were important commanders of the imperial army and were often employed during internal and external conflicts (e.g. to suppress rebelling counts or dukes, to settle frontier disputes with the Hungarian and the French kingdom and to lead imperial campaigns).
Although a palatinate could be rooted for decades into one dynasty, the office of the palatine counts became hereditary only during the 12th century. During the 11th century the palatinates were still regarded as beneficia, non-hereditary fiefs. The count palatine in Bavaria, an office held by the family of Wittelsbach, became
List of Palatinates
Palatinate of Champagne
King
Palatinate of Bavaria
The counts palatine originally held the County Palatine around
- Meginhard I, Count Palatine of Bavaria in 883
- Arnulf II (d. 954), son of Duke Arnulf I of Bavaria, constructed Scheyern Castle around 940
- Berthold (d. 999), son of Arnulf II, Count Palatine of Bavaria between 954 and 976 with interruptions, ancestor of the Counts of Andechs
- Hartwig I (d. 985), Count Palatine of Bavaria from 977 until his death
- Aribo I (d. c. 1020, son-in-law of Hartwig I, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 985 until his death
- Hartwig II (d. 1027), son of Aribo I, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1020 to 1026
- Aribo II (d. 1102), son of Hartwig II, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1026 to 1055
- Kuno I (d. c. 1082/1083), Count Palatine of Bavaria
- Rapoto I (d. 1099), Count Palatine of Bavaria from c. 1083 to 1093
- Engelbert I (d. 1122), nephew of both of Aribo II's wives, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1099 to 1120
- Wittelsbach Castle and founded the House of Wittelsbach.
- Otto V(c. 1117 – 1183), Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1156 to 1180. He became Duke of Bavaria in 1180 as Otto I; his descendants ruled the Duchy until 1918.
- Otto VII (d. 1189), younger son of Otto IV, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1180 until his death
- Philipof Germany in 1208
- Rapoto II (d. 1231), brother-in-law of Otto VIII, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1208 until his death
- Rapoto III (d. 1248), son of Rapoto II, Count Palatine of Bavaria from 1231 until his death. He was the last count palatine; after his death the Duke of Bavaria assumed the rights and possessions of the counts palatine.
Palatinate of Lorraine
- Wigeric (915 – before 922), Count Palatine of Lotharingia and Count in the Bidgau
- Gottfried (c. 905 – after 949), Count Palatine of Lotharingia and Count in the Jülichgau
From 985, the Ezzonids held the title:
- Herman I (d. before 996), Count Palatine of Lotharingia and Count in the Bonngau, the Eiffelgau, the Zülpichgau and the Auelgau
- Ezzo (d. 1034), son of Herman I, Count in the Auelgau and the Bonngau, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1020, married Mathilda of Saxony, the daughter of Emperor Otto II
- Otto (d. 1047), son of Ezzo, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1035 to 1045, then Duke of Swabia as Otto II from 1045 until his death
- Henry I (d. 1061), son of Ezzo's brother Hezzelin I, Count Palatine of Lotharingia from 1045 to 1060
- Anno II, Archbishop of Cologne), also Count in the Ruhrgau and the Zülpichgau and Count of Brabant
The County Palatine of Lotharingia was suspended by the Emperor. Adelaide of Weimar-Orlamünde, Herman II's widow, remarried to
Rhenish Palatinate
In 1085, after the death of Herman II, the County Palatine of Lotharingia lost its military importance in Lorraine. The territorial authority of the Count Palatine was reduced to his territories along the Rhine. Consequently, he is called the
The Golden Bull of 1356 made the Count Palatine of the Rhine an Elector. He was therefore known as the Electoral Palatinate.
Palatinate of Saxony
In the 10th century the
- Adalbero (d. 982) was a Count in the Hessengau and in the Liesgau, Count Palatine of Saxony from 972,
- Dietrich (d. 995), probably a son of Adalbero, was Count Palatine of Saxony from 992
- Frederick (d. July 1002 or 15 March 1003), Count in the Harzgau and in the Nordthüringgau, was Count Palatine of Saxony from 995 to 996
- governorfrom 1012
- Siegfried (•d. 25 April 1038), was Count Palatine of Saxony in 1028
- Frederick I (d. 1042), a younger son of Burchard I, was Count of Goseck and in the Hassegau and was Count Palatine of Saxony in 1040
- William (d. 1062), Count of Weimar, probably Count Palatine of Saxony in 1042
- Dedo (fell in battle in Pöhlde on 5 May 1056), son of Frederick I, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1042 to 1044
- Frederick II (•d. 27 May 1088), younger brother of Dedo, Count Palatine of Saxony in 1056
- Frederick III (murdered near Zscheiplitz on 5 February 1087), son of Frederick II
- Frederick IV (d. 1125 in Dingelstedt am Huy), son of Frederick III, Count Palatine in 1114
- Frederick V (•d. 18 October 1120 or 1121), grandson of Frederick I, Count of Sommerschenburg, Count Palatine of Saxony in 1111
- Frederick VI (•d. 19 May 1162), son of Frederick V, Count of Sommerschenburg, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1123 to 1124
- Margrave of Meissenfrom 1124 to 1130 (deposed), Count Palatine of Saxony from 1129 to 1130, married in 1148 to Liutgard of Stade, who had divorced Frederick VI in 1144
- Adalbert (d. 1179), son of Frederick VI, Count Palatine of Sommerschenburg from 1162 until his death
- Louis III (d. 1190), Landgrave of Thuringia from 1172 until his death, appointed Count Palatine of Saxony on the Diet of Gelnhausen on 13 April 1180, abdicated in favour of Herman I in 1181
- Herman III (c. 1155 – 25 April 1215 in Gotha), younger brother of Louis III, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1181 until his death, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1190 until his death
- Louis IV (28 October 1200 – 11 September 1227), son of Herman I, Count Palatine of Saxony and Landgrave of Thuringia from 1217 until his death
- Henry Raspe (1204 – 16 February 1247), son of Herman I, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1227 until his death, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1231 until his death, anti-king of Germany opposing Frederick II and his son Conrad IVfrom 1246
After Henry Raspe's death, the County Palatine of Saxony and the Landgraviate of Thuringia were given to the House of Wettin, based on a promise made by Emperor Frederick II:
- Henry III (c. 1215 – 15 February 1288), Margrave of Meissen from 1227 until his death, Count Palatine of Saxony and Landgrave of Thuringia from 1247 1265
- Albert II the Degenerate (1240 – 20 November 1314), son of Henry III, Count Palatine of Saxony and Landgrave of Thuringia from 1265 until his death, Margrave of Meissen from 1288 to 1292
- Frederick VII the Bitten (1257 – 16 November 1323), son of Albert II, Count Palatine of Saxony from 1280 to before 1291, Margrave of Meissen before 1291 until his death, Landgrave of Thuringia from 1298 until his death
King
- Henry I (August 1267 – 7 September 1322), Count Palatine of Saxony from before 1291 until his death, Prince of Brunswick-Grubenhagen from 1291 until his death
- ...
Palatinate of Alamannia / Swabia
Holy Roman scribes often used the term Swabia interchangeably with Alamannia between the 10th to the 12th centuries.[11]
- Erchanger I, also known as Berchtold I, Count Palatine of Swabia in 880/892
- Erchanger II (•d. 21 January 917), probably a son of Erchanger I, was Count Palatine of Swabia and Missus dominicus and from 915 until his death Duke of Swabia
- [...]
- Frederick I, (c. 1020 – shortly after 1053), Count Palatine of Swabia from 1027 to 1053
- Frederick II (c. 997/999 – c. 1070/1075), father of Frederick I and ancestor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1053 to 1069
- Manegold the Elder (c. 1034/1043 – shortly before summer 1094), son-in-law of Frederick II, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1070 to 1094
- Louis of Staufen, son of Frederick I, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1094 to 1103, founder of St. Faith's Church, Sélestat
- Louis of Westheim, probably a son of his predecessor, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1103 to 1112
- Manegold the Younger, son of Manegold the Elder, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1112 to 1125
- Adalbert of Lauterburg, son of Manegold the Elder, Count Palatine of Swabia from 1125 to 1146
After 1146, the title went to the counts palatine of Tübingen.
Palatinate of Tübingen
- Hugo I (1146–1152)
- Frederick (d. 1162) co-ruler with Hugo II
- Hugo II (1152–1182)
- Rudolf I (1182–1219)
- Hugo III (1185– c. 1228/30) co-ruler with Rudolf I and Rudolf II, went on to found the Montfort-Bregenz lineage
- Rudolf II (d. 1247)
- Hugo IV (d. 1267)
- Eberhard (d. 1304)
- Gottfried I (d. 1316)
- Gottfried II (d. 1369) sold the County Palatine of Tübingen to the Württemberg dynasty, went on to found the Tübingen-Lichteneck lineage
Palatinate of Burgundy
In 1169, Emperor
Church palatinates
A papal count palatine (Comes palatinus lateranus, properly Comes sacri Lateranensis palatii "Count of the Sacred Palace of Lateran"[12]) began to be conferred by the pope in the 16th century. This title was merely honorary and by the 18th century had come to be conferred so widely as to be nearly without consequence.
The
Pope
The Order of the Golden Spur, linked with the title of count palatine, was widely conferred after the Sack of Rome, 1527, by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor; the text of surviving diplomas conferred hereditary nobility to the recipients.
Among the recipients was
By the mid-18th century, the Order of the Golden Spur was being so indiscriminately bestowed that Casanova remarked "The Order they call the Golden Spur was so disparaged that people irritated me greatly when they asked me the details of my cross;"[16]
The order was granted to "those in the pontifical government, artists, and others, whom the pope should think deserving of reward. It is likewise given to strangers, no other condition being required, but that of professing the catholic religion."[17]
Imperial circles
As part of the Imperial Reform, six
Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806
The Palatine territories on the
After the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the Palatine nationality came to refer more specifically to the people of the Rhenish Palatinate (German: Rhoipfalz) throughout the 19th century. The Rhenish Palatinate's union with Bavaria was finally dissolved following the reorganisation of German states during the Allied occupation of Germany after World War II. Today the Palatinate occupies roughly the southernmost quarter of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz).
Palatine migrations in the 17th and 18th centuries
Palatinate Campaign, Early Migrations
In the second half of the 17th century, the Palatinate had not yet fully recovered from the destructions of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648), in which large parts of the region had lost more than two thirds of its population. The first Palatine migrations began during the Palatinate campaign, which saw heavy fighting in the Palatinate, collapse of the state's economy, and the wholesale slaughter of the region's population, including women, children and non-combattants.[20]
As early as 1632, Catholic Palatines found their way to the
Throughout the Nine Years' War (1688–1697) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714), recurrent invasions by the French Army devastated the area of what is today Southwest Germany. During the Nine Years War the French had used a scorched-earth policy in the Palatinate.
The depredations of the French Army and the destruction of numerous cities (especially within the Palatinate) created economic hardship for the inhabitants of the region, exacerbated by a rash of harsh winters and poor harvests that created famine in Germany and much of northwest Europe. The specific background of the migration from the Palatinate, as documented in emigrants' petitions for departure registered in the southwest principalities, was impoverishment and lack of economic prospects.[24]
The emigrants came principally from regions comprising present-day
The Great Palatine Migration of 1709
What triggered the mass emigration in 1709 of mostly impoverished people to England was the Crown's promise of free land in British America. Parliament discovered in 1711 that several "agents" working on behalf of the Carolina province had promised the peasants around and South of Frankfurt free passage to the plantations. Spurred by the success of several dozen families the year before, thousands of German families headed down the Rhine to England and the New World.[26]
The first boats packed with refugees began arriving in London in early May 1709. The first 900 people to reach England were given housing, food and supplies by a number of wealthy Englishmen.
The majority came from regions around the Rhenish Palatinate and, against the wishes of their respective rulers, they fled by the thousands on small boats and ships down the Rhine River to the Dutch city of Rotterdam, whence the majority embarked for London. Throughout the summer, ships unloaded thousands of refugees, and almost immediately their numbers overwhelmed the initial attempts to provide for them. By summer, most of the Poor Palatines were settled in Army tents in the fields of Blackheath and Camberwell. A Committee dedicated to coordinating their settlement and dispersal sought ideas for their employment. This proved difficult, as the Poor Palatines were unlike previous migrant groups—skilled, middle-class, religious exiles such as the Huguenots or the Dutch in the 16th century—but rather were unskilled rural laborers, neither sufficiently educated nor healthy enough for most types of employment.
Political controversy
During the reign of Queen Anne (1702–1714), political polarization increased. Immigration and asylum had long been debated, from coffee-houses to the floor of Parliament, and the Poor Palatines were inevitably brought into the political crossfire.[28]
For the
The
The author Daniel Defoe was a major spokesman, who attacked the critics of the government's policy. Defoe's Review, a tri-weekly journal dealing usually with economic matters, was for two months dedicated to denouncing opponents’ claims that the Palatines were disease-ridden, Catholic bandits who had arrived in England "to eat the Bread out of the Mouths of our People."[32] In addition to dispelling rumors and propounding the benefits of an increased population, Defoe advanced his own ideas of how the Poor Palatines should be "disposed".
Dispersal
Not long after the Palatines' arrival, the Board of Trade was charged with finding a means for their dispersal. Contrary to the desires of the immigrants, who wanted to be transported to British America, most schemes involved settling them within the British Isles, either on uninhabited lands in England or in Ireland (where they could bolster the numbers of the Protestant minority). Most officials involved were reluctant to send the Palatines to America due to the cost, and to the belief that they would be more beneficial if kept in Britain. Since the majority of the Poor Palatines were husbandmen, vinedressers and laborers, the English felt that they would be better suited in agricultural areas. There were some attempts to disperse them in neighboring towns and cities.[33] Ultimately, large-scale settlement plans came to nothing, and the government sent Palatines piecemeal to various regions in England and Ireland. These attempts mostly failed, and many of the Palatines returned from Ireland to London within a few months, in far worse condition than when they had left.[34]
The commissioners finally acquiesced and sent numerous families to New York to produce naval stores at camps along the Hudson River. The Palatines transported to New York in the summer of 1710 totaled about 2800 people in ten ships, the largest group of immigrants to enter British America before the American Revolution. Because of their refugee status and weakened condition, as well as shipboard diseases, they had a high rate of fatalities. They were kept in quarantine on an island in New York harbor until ship's diseases had run their course. Another 300-some Palatines reached Carolina. Despite the ultimate failure of the Naval stores effort and delays on granting them land in settled areas (they were given grants on the frontiers), they had reached the New World and were determined to stay. Their descendants are scattered across the United States and Canada.
The experience with the Poor Palatines discredited the Whig philosophy of naturalization, and figured in political debates as an example of the pernicious effects of offering asylum to refugees. Once the Tories returned to power, they retracted the Act of Naturalization, which they claimed had lured the Palatines to England (though few had in fact become naturalized).[35] Later attempts to reinstate an Act for Naturalization would suffer from the tarnished legacy of Britain's first attempt to support mass immigration of foreign-born peoples.
Re-settlement in Ireland
In 1709, some 3,073 Palatines were transported to Ireland.[36] Some 538 families were settled as agricultural tenants on the estates of Anglo-Irish landlords. However, many of the settlers failed to permanently establish themselves and 352 families were reported to have left their holdings, with many returning to England.[37] By late 1711 only around 1,200 of the Palatines remained in Ireland.[36]
Some contemporary opinion blamed the Palatines for the failure of the settlement.
The Palatine settlement was successful in two areas: Counties Limerick and Wexford. In Limerick, 150 families were settled in 1712 on the lands of the Southwell family near Rathkeale. Within a short time, they had made a success of farming hemp, flax, and cattle. In Wexford about the same time, a large Palatine population was settled on the lands of Abel Ram, near Gorey. The distinctive Palatine way of life survived in these areas until well into the nineteenth century. Today, names of Palatine origin, such as Switzer, Hick, Ruttle, Sparling, Tesky, Fitzell, and Gleasure are dispersed throughout Ireland.[37][dead link]
Palatine migration to New York and Pennsylvania
Palatines had trickled into British America since their earliest days. The first
The flood of immigration overwhelmed English resources. It resulted in major disruptions, overcrowding,
No doubt the biggest impetus was the harsh, cold winter that preceded their departure. Birds froze in mid-air, casks of wine, livestock, and whole vineyards were destroyed by the unremitting cold., but the greatest numbers were sent to Ireland, Carolina and especially, New York in the summer of 1710. They were obligated to work off their passage.
The Reverend
Indentured servitude
Settlement by Palatines on the east side (East Camp) of the
The
In the winter of 1712–13, six Palatines approached the Mohawk clan mothers to ask for permission to settle in the Schoharie River valley, a tributary of the Mohawk River.[49] The clan mothers, moved by the story of their misery and suffering, granted the Palatines permission to settle; in the spring of 1713 about 150 Palatine families moved into the Schoharie valley.[50] The Palatines had not understood that the Haudenosaunee were a matrilineal kinship society, and that the clan mothers had considerable power. They headed the nine clans that made up the Five Nations. The Palatines had expected to meet male sachems rather than these women, but property and descent were passed through the maternal lines.
Resettlement
A report in 1718 placed 224 families of 1,021 persons along the
After hearing Palatine accounts of poverty and suffering, the clan mothers granted permission for them to settle in the Schoharie Valley.[49] The women elders had their own motives. During the 17th century, the Haudenosaunee had suffered high mortality from new European infectious diseases, to which they had no immunity. They also had been engaged in warfare against the French and against other indigenous tribes. Finally, in the 1670s–80s French Jesuit missionaries had converted thousands of Iroquois (mostly Mohawk) to Catholicism and persuaded the converts to settle near Montreal.[52]
Historians referred to the Haudenosaunee who moved to New France as the Canadian
The Palatines settled on the frontiers of New York province in Kanienkeh ("the land of the flint"), the homeland of the Five Nations of the
The Haudenosaunee admired the work ethic of the Palatines, and often rented their land to the hard-working immigrants.[52] In their turn, the Palatines taught Haudenosaunee women how to use iron plows and hoes to farm the land, together with how to grow oats and wheat.[52] The Haudenosaunee considered farming to be women's work, as their women planted, cultivated and harvested their crops. They considered the Palatine men to be unmanly because they worked the fields.[citation needed] Additionally, the Palatines brought sheep, cows, and pigs to Kanienkeh.[52] With increased agricultural production and money coming in as rent, the Haudenosaunee began to sell the surplus food to merchants in Albany.[52] Many clan mothers and chiefs, who had grown wealthy enough to live at about the same standard of living as a middle-class family in Europe, abandoned their traditional log houses for European-style houses.[52]
In 1756, one Palatine farmer brought 38,000 beads of black wampum during a trip to Schenectady, which was enough to make dozens upon dozens of wampum belts, which were commonly presented to Indigenous leaders as gifts when being introduced.[54] Preston noted that the purchasing of so much wampum reflected the very close relations the Palatines had with the Iroquois.[54] The Palatines used their metal-working skills to repair weapons that belonged to the Iroquois, built mills that ground corn for the Iroquois to sell to merchants in New York and New France, and their churches were used for Christian Iroquois weddings and baptisms.[55] There were also a number of intermarriages between the two communities.[55] Doxstader, a surname common in some of the rural areas of south-western Germany, is also a common Iroquois surname.[55]
Palatine and Indigenous relationship
Preston wrote that the popular stereotype of United States frontier relations between white settler colonists and Native Americans as being from two racial worlds that hardly interacted did not apply to the Palatine-Iroquois relationship, writing that the Palatines lived between Iroquois settlements in Kanienkeh, and the two peoples "communicated, drank, worked, worshipped and traded together, negotiated over land use and borders, and conducted their diplomacy separate from the colonial governments".[56] Some Palatines learned to perform the Haudenosaunee condolence ceremony, where condolences were offered to those whose friends and family had died, which was the most important of all Iroquois rituals.[52] The Canadian historian James Paxton wrote the Palatines and Haudenosaunee "visited each other's homes, conducted small-scale trade and socialized in taverns and trading posts".[52]
Unlike the frontier in Pennsylvania and in the Ohio river valley, where English settlers and the Indians had bloodstained relations, leading to hundreds of murders, relations between the Palatine and Indians in Kanienkeh were friendly. Between 1756 and 1774 in the New York frontier, only 5 colonists or British soldiers were killed by Native Americans, while just 6 Natives were killed by soldiers or settlers.[57] The New York frontier had no equivalent to the Paxton Boys, a vigilante group of Scots-Irish settlers on the Pennsylvania frontier who waged a near-genocidal campaign against the Susquehannock Indians in 1763–64, and the news of the killing perpetrated by the Paxton Boys was received with horror by both whites and Indians on the New York frontier.[57]
However, the Iroquois had initially allowed the Palatines to settle in Kanienkeh out of sympathy for their poverty, and expected them to ultimately contribute for being allowed to live on the land when they become wealthier. In a letter to Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of Northern Indian Affairs, in 1756, Oneida sachems and clan mothers complained that they had allowed the Palatines to settle in Kanienkeh out of "compassion to their poverty and expected when they could afford it that they would pay us for their land", going on to write now that the Palatines had "grown rich they not only refuse to pay us for our land, but impose on us in everything we have to do with them".[55] Likewise, many Iroquois sachems and clan mothers complained that their young people were too fond of drinking the beer brewed by the Palatines, charging that alcohol was a destructive force in their community.[58]
Palatines during the French and Indian War (1754–1763)
Despite the intentions of the British, the Palatines showed little inclination to fight for the British Crown, and during
The Palatines sent messages via the Oneida to
Vaudreuil informed the Palatines that neutrality was not an option and they could either submit to the King of France or face war.[60] The Palatines tried to stall, causing Vaudreuil to warn them that this "trick will avail nothing; for whenever I think proper, I shall dispatch my warriors to Corlac" (the French name for New York).[53] At one point, the Oneida sent a message to Vaudreuil asking that "not to due [do] them [the Palatines] any hurt as they were no more white people but Oneidas and that their blood was mixed with the Indians".[55] Preston wrote that the letter may have been exaggerating somewhat, but interracial and intercultural sexual relations are known to have occurred on the frontier.[55] The descendants of the Palatine Dutch and Indians were known as Black Dutch.[61]
On 10 November 1757, the Oneida sachem Canaghquiesa warned the Palatines that a force of French and Indigenous combatants were on their way to attack, telling them that their women and children should head for the nearest fort, but Canaghquiesa noted that they "laughed at me and slapping their hands on their Buttucks [buttocks] said they did not value the Enemy".[62] On 12 November 1757, a raiding party of about 200 Mississauga and Canadian Iroquois warriors together with 65 Troupes de la Marine and Canadien militiamen fell on the settlement of German Flatts at about 3:00 am, burning the town down to the ground, killing about 40 Palatines while taking 150 back to New France.[63] One Palatine leader, Johan Jost Petri, writing from his prison in Montreal, complained about how "our people have been taken by the Indians and the French (but for the most part by our own Indians) and by our own fault".[64] Afterwards, a group of Oneida and Tuscaroras came to the ruins of the German Flatts to offer food and shelter for the survivors and to bury the dead.[56] In a letter to Johnson, Canaghquiesa wrote "we have condoled with our Brethren the Germans on the loss of their Friends who have been lately killed and taken by the Enemy ... that Ceremony was over three days ago".[56]
Pennsylvania Dutch
Many
Palatine migration in the 19th century
Because of the immigration of Palatine refugees in the 18th century, the term "Palatine" became associated with German. "Until the American War of Independence 'Palatine' henceforth was used indiscriminately for all 'emigrants of German tongue'."[66] Many more Palatines from the Rhenish Palatinate emigrated in the course of the 19th century. For a long time in the American Union, "Palatine" meant
Palatine immigrants came to live in big industrial cities such as Germantown, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. Land-searching Palatines moved to the Midwestern States and founded new homes in the fertile regions of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.[68]
A vast inpouring of Palatines began to come especially in the middle of the 19th century., Palatinate, to the United States in 1840.
Notable Palatines and descendants
Included are immigrants that came during the Colonial Period between 1708 and 1775 and their immediate family members.
- 1708 – Josua Harrsch alias Kocherthal (1669–1719), Lutheran minister
- 1710 – Johann Conrad Weiser Sr. (1662–1746), baker
- 1710 – Conrad Weiser (1696–1760), interpreter
- 1710 – Johann Hartman Windecker (1676–1754), settler
- 1710 – John Peter Zenger (1697–1746), printer and journalist
- 1710 – Johann Jost Herkimer (1700–1775), father of brigadier general Nicholas Herkimer (c 1728–1777) and of Loyalist Johan Jost Herkimer (c 1732–1795)
- 1717 – Caspar Wistar (1696–1752), glassmaker
- 1720 – Conrad Beissel (1691–1768), Baptist leader
- 1729 – Alexander Mack, (1679–1735), Brethren leader
- 1738 – Casper Shafer (1712–1784), miller
- 1738 – John Reister (1715–1804), farmer
- 1742 – Henry Muhlenberg (1711–1787), Lutheran pastor
- 1746 – John Christopher Hartwick (1714–1796), Lutheran minister
- 1749 – Henry Stauffer (c 1724–1777), settler
- 1750 – Henry William Stiegel (1729–1785), glassmaker
- 1755 – Bodo Otto (1711–1787), surgeon
- 1775 – David Ziegler (1748–1811), officer
See also
Notes
- ^ Hiroshi Fukurai, Richard Krooth (2021). Original Nation Approaches to Inter-National Law: The Quest for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Nature in the Age of Anthropocene. Springer Nature. p. 111.
- ^ Matthieu Arnold (2016). John Calvin: The Strasbourg Years (1538-1541). Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 68.
- ^ Sanford Hoadley Cobb (1897). The Story of the Palatines: An Episode in Colonial History. pp. 24, 26.
- ^ David Alff (2017). The Wreckage of Intentions: Projects in British Culture, 166-173. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 167.
- ^ New York (State). Legislature. Senate (1915). Proceedings of the Senate of the State of New York on the Life, Character and Public Service of William Pierson Fiero. p. 7.
- ^ a b "Chapter Two – The History Of The German Immigration To America – The Brobst Chronicles". ancestry.com. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
- ^ George Reeser Prowell (1907). History of York County, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1. Cornell University. p. 133.
- ^ Brockhaus Encyclopedia, Mannheim 2004, paladin
- ^ a b c d e f public domain: Holland, Arthur William (1911). "Palatine". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 595–596. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ David Alff (2017). The Story of the Palatines: An Episode in Colonial History. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 167.
- ^ The name Alamannia itself came into use from at least the 8th century; in pago Almanniae 762, in pago Alemannorum 797, urbs Constantia in ducatu Alemanniae 797; in ducatu Alemannico, in pago Linzgowe 873. From the 9th century, Alamannia was increasingly used as a reference to the Alsace specifically, and the Alamannic territory in general was increasingly called the Duchy of Swabia. By the 12th century, the name Swabia had mostly replaced Alamannia. S. Hirzel, Forschungen zur Deutschen Landeskunde 6 (1888), p. 299.
- The Catholic Encyclopedia.
- ^ "Bartolini also received the Knighthood of the Golden Spur, a title that sometimes accompanied the office of count palatinate in the Renaissance" Grendler 2004:184 note 134.
- ^ C Hope, "Titian as a Court Painter", Oxford Art Journal, 1979.
- ^ Thomas Robson, The British Herald; or, Cabinet of armorial bearings of the nobility... (1830) s.v. "Golden Spur, in Rome" and plate 4 (fig. 21) and 5 (figs 3 and 7).
- ^ "L'ordre qu'on appelle de l'Éperon d'Or était si décrié qu'on m'ennuyait beaucoup quand on demandait des nouvelles de ma croix." (Histoire de ma vie, 8;ix);.
- ^ Robson 1830.
- ^ "Die Auflösung der Kurpfalz" [Dissolution of the Electoral Palatinate]. Kurpfalz Regional Archiv. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
- ISBN 978-0-8743-6957-1.
- ^ University of California (1907). Commercial and Financial Chronicle Bankers Gazette, Commercial Times, Railway Monitor and Insurance Journal. National News Service. p. 9.
- ^ Sudie Doggett Wike (2022). German Footprints in America, Four Centuries of Immigration and Cultural Influence. McFarland Incorporated Publishers. p. 155.
- ^ Clayton Colman Hall (1902). The Lords Baltimore and the Maryland Palatinate, Six Lectures on Maryland Colonial History Delivered Before the Johns Hopkins University in the Year 1902. J. Murphy Company. p. 55.
- ^ David W. Guth (2017). Bridging the Chesapeake, A 'Fool Idea' That Unified Maryland. Archway Publishing. p. 426.
- ISBN 9780801473449.
- ISBN 9780801473449.
- ^ Statt, Daniel. Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660-1760. Newark (DE): University of Delaware Press, 1995. pp. 122-130
- ^ "A Representation of what Several private Gentlemen have done towards the Relief of the poor Palatines", 4 June 1709, National Archives, SP 34/ 10/129 (236A)
- ^ For an in-depth examination of this debate, see H.T. Dickinson, "Poor Palatines and the Parties", The English Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 324. (July, 1967).
- ^ Vigne, Randolph; Littleton, Charles (ed). From Strangers to Citizens : The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1550-1750, 2001.
- ^ "Brief for the Relief, Subsistence and Settlement of the Poor Distressed Palatines", 1709.
- ^ H.T. Dickinson, "Poor Palatines and the Parties", p. 472.
- ^ Daniel Defoe, The Review, June 21 – August 22, 1709.
- ^ H.T. Dickinson, ‘Poor Palatines and the Parties’, pp. 475-477.
- ^ Journals of the House of Commons XVI, p. 596.
- ^ Statt, Foreigners, pp. 127-129, 167-168.
- ^ ISBN 0-1982-0587-2.
- ^ Irish Times. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
- ^ Knittle, Walter Allen, Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration, Genealogical Publishing, 2019 reprint, p. 65
- ^ Knittle (2019), Emigration, p. 66
- ^ Jones, Henry Z, Jr. The Palatine Families of New York 1710, Universal City, California, 1985, p. viii
- ^ Knittle, Emigration, p. 65
- ^ Knittle (2019), Emigration, p. 31
- ^ Knittle (2019), Emigration, p.4
- ^ Smith, James H., History of Dutchess County, New York, Interlaken, New York: Heart of the Lakes Publishing, p. 57
- ^ Documentary History of New York, III, 668.
- ^ Knittle (2019), p. 38
- ^ Public Record Office, London, C. O. 5/1085, p. 67
- ^ Knittle (2019), pp. 189–191
- ^ a b Paxton, James Joseph Brant and His World, Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2008 page 12
- ^ Paxton (2008), Joseph Brant and His world, pp. 12–13
- ^ Paxton (2008), Ibid. p. 195
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Paxton, James, Joseph Brant and his world, Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2008, p. 13
- ^ a b c d Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 183.
- ^ a b c d Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 181.
- ^ a b c d e f Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 185.
- ^ a b c Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008, p. 188.
- ^ a b Preston, David. The Texture of Contact: European and Indian Settler Communities on the Frontiers of Iroquoia, 1667–1783. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009. p. 180.
- ^ Paxton, James. Joseph Brant and his world. Toronto: James Lorimer & Company, 2008. p. 14.
- ^ a b Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. p. 182.
- ^ a b c Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. pp. 182–183.
- ^ Donald N. Yates (2014). Old World Roots of the Cherokee: How DNA, Ancient Alphabets and Religion Explain the Origins of America's Largest Indian Nation. United States of America: Mcfarland. p. 14.
- ^ Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. pp. 186–187.
- ^ Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. p. 179.
- ^ Preston, David. "'We intend to live our lifetime together as brothers': Palatine and Iroquois Communities in the Mohawk Valley". pages 179–189 in New York History, Volume 89, No. 2, Spring 2008. pp. 187.
- ^ Astrid von Schlachta: Gefahr oder Segen? Die Täufer in der politischen Kommunikation. Göttingen 2009, p. 427.
- ^ Roland Paul and Karl Scherer, Pfalzer in Amerika, Kaiserslautern: Institute for Palatine History and Folklore, 1995, p. 48
- ^ Jodie Scales (2001). Of Kindred Germanic Origins: Myths, Legends, Genealogy and History of an Ordinary American Family. iUniverse. p. 46.
- ^ Roland Paul, Karl Scherer (1983). 300 Jahre Pfälzer in Amerika. Pfälzische Verlagsanstalt. p. 93.
- ^ Nelson Greene (1925). History of the Mohawk Valley, Gateway to the West, 1614-1925: Covering the Six Counties of Schenectady, Schoharie, Montgomery, Fulton, Herkimer, and Oneida, Volume 1. S. J. Clarke. p. 456.
Further reading
- Defoe, Daniel. Defoe's Review. Reproduced from the original edition, with an introduction and bibliographical notes by Arthur Wellesley Secor•d. 9 vols. in 22 (Facsimile Text Soc., 44). New York, 1938–1939.
- Dickinson, Harry Thomas. "The poor Palatines and the parties". English Historical Review, 82 (1967), 464–485.
- Heald, Carolyn A. (2009). The Irish Palatines In Ontario: Religion, Ethnicity, and Rural Migration (2nd ed.). OCLC 430037634.
- Jones, Henry Z, Jr.The Palatine Families of Ireland. 2nd. ed., Picton Press: Rockport, Maine, 1990.
- Knittle, Walter Allen. Early eighteenth century Palatine emigration; a British government redemptioner project to manufacture naval stores, by Walter Allen Knittle.. Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration: A British Government Redemptioner Project to Manufacture Naval Stores]. Philadelphia: Dorrance, 1937.
- Statt, Daniel. Foreigners and Englishmen: The Controversy over Immigration and Population, 1660-1760. Newark, Del.: University of Delaware Press, 1995.
- O'Connor, Patrick J. (1989). People Make Places: The Story of the Irish Palatines. Newcastle West, Ireland: Oireacht na Mumhan Books. ISBN 978-0-9512-1841-9.
- Olson, Alison. "The English Reception of the Huguenots, Palatines and Salzburgers, 1680-1734: A Comparative Analysis" in Randolph Vigne & Charles Littleton, (eds.), From Strangers to Citizens: The Integration of Immigrant Communities in Britain, Ireland and Colonial America, 1550-1750. Brighton and Portland, Ore.: The Huguenot Society of Great Britain and Ireland and Sussex Academic Press, 2001.
- O'Reilly, William. "Strangers Come to Devour the Land: Changing Views of Foreign Migrants in Early Eighteenth-Century England". Journal of Early Modern History, (2016), 1-35.
- Otterness, Philip (2007). Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York. Ithaca, New York: JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctt5hh0sn.
- Richter, Conrad. The Free Man. Fictional account of a Palatine who emigrated to the United States in the early 1700s and lived during the Revolutionary War.