Querétaro
Querétaro | ||
---|---|---|
State | ||
Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro (Spanish) Hyodi Ndämxei (Otomí) | ||
Deputies[3] | ||
Area Area code | Area codes | |
Ranked 11th | ||
Website | Official Web Site |
Querétaro (Spanish pronunciation:
The state is one of the smallest in Mexico, but also one of the most heterogeneous geographically,[9][10] with ecosystems varying from deserts to tropical rainforest, especially in the Sierra Gorda, which is filled with microecosystems. The area of the state was located on the northern edge of Mesoamerica, with both the Purépecha Empire and Aztec Empire having influence in the extreme south, but neither really dominating it. The area, especially the Sierra Gorda, had a number of small city-states, but by the time the Spanish arrived, the area was independent from imperial powers. Small agricultural villages and seminomadic peoples lived in the area. Spanish conquest was focused on the establishment of Santiago de Querétaro, which still dominates the state culturally, economically and educationally.
For many years, the official name of the state was Querétaro Arteaga,[a] but in 2008 the State Legislature approved the adoption of the simpler name Querétaro.[12]
Geography, climate and ecology
Querétaro is located in the north-central area of Mexico, or the Sierra Madre Oriental, connecting the wetter climes of the south with the drier deserts of the north. The state is divided into 18 municipalities:
Three of Mexico’s geographic zones cover parts of the state. The
The state is divided into five geographical regions: The
El Semidesierto Queretano (Querétaro Semidesert) is a wide strip that crosses the state from east to west, which is dry due to the blocking of moist air from the Gulf by the
The state contains two river basins: the Lerma/Santiago and the Pánuco. The first is represented by the Lerma and La Laja Rivers and the second is represented by the Tamuín and Moctezuma Rivers. Other important rivers include the Santa María and the San Juan. These rivers contain 16 dams, including the Santa Catarina, El Batán, Constitution de 1917 and the San Ildefonso.[10]
Most of the state is dry, with the exception of the north, which is temperate and rainy. The average temperature is 18 °C (64 °F).[9] Three well-defined climate areas are in the state. The south has a temperate and fairly wet climate. Temperatures are relatively stable through the year, ranging from an average of between 12 and 18 °C (64 °F), with most rain falling in the summer. This region includes the municipalities of Amealco, Huimilpan, Pedro Escobedo, San Juan del Río and Corregidora. The center and west have drier and hotter climates, especially in areas under 2,000 m ASL. Here, the Sierra Madre Oriental and parts of the Trans Mexican Volcanic Belt impede moist air from arriving. This dry area includes the municipalities of Querétaro, Corregidora, El Marqués, Peñamiller, Esequiel Montes, Cadereyta, San Juan del Río, Tolimán and Tequisquiapan. The Sierra Madre Oriental area has climates that range from temperate to cold, varying significantly from north to south and even more due to altitude. The north tends to be warmer than the south, but average temperatures can range from 18 to 28 °C (64 to 82 °F) in lower elevations and between 14 and 20 °C (57 and 68 °F) in higher elevations.[10]
The state’s ecosystems have 18 different classifications ranging from tropical rainforest to arid scrub brush. Deciduous rainforest is found in parts of the north, center and west of the state such as
The
Quakes are not uncommon in the state, so there are monitoring stations in Peñamiller, Extoraz, Peña Blanca and 10 in the Sierra Gorda, including Jalpan de Serra, Landa de Matamoros, Arroyo Seco, Pinal de Amoles and San Joaquín. More are planned for Tolimán and Cadereyta. In January 2011, about 70 small quakes caused some damage in the Peñamiller area, in the north, causing a certain amount of panic in the area, because the tremblers continued, with an average strength of 3.5 on the
Demographics
Rank | Municipality | Municipal pop. | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Santiago de Querétaro |
Querétaro |
794,789 | El Pueblito Juriquilla | |||||
2 | San Juan del Río | San Juan del Río | 177,719 | ||||||
3 | El Pueblito | Corregidora | 115,264 | ||||||
4 | Juriquilla | Querétaro |
39,244 | ||||||
5 | Tequisquiapan | Tequisquiapan | 34,955 | ||||||
6 | San Pedro Mártir | Querétaro |
31,677 | ||||||
7 | San José el Alto | Querétaro |
29,758 | ||||||
8 | Santa Rosa Jáuregui | Querétaro |
22,168 | ||||||
9 | Saldarriaga | El Marqués | 21,516 | ||||||
10 | Venceremos | Corregidora | 21,352 |
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1895[18] | 232,305 | — |
1900 | 232,389 | +0.0% |
1910 | 244,663 | +5.3% |
1921 | 220,231 | −10.0% |
1930 | 234,058 | +6.3% |
1940 | 244,737 | +4.6% |
1950 | 286,238 | +17.0% |
1960 | 355,045 | +24.0% |
1970 | 485,523 | +36.7% |
1980 | 739,605 | +52.3% |
1990 | 1,051,235 | +42.1% |
1995 | 1,250,476 | +19.0% |
2000 | 1,404,306 | +12.3% |
2005 | 1,598,139 | +13.8% |
2010 | 1,827,937 | +14.4% |
2015 | 2,038,372 | +11.5% |
2020[6] | 2,368,467 | +16.2% |
As of 2020, the state had a population of 2,368,467 and a population density of 137 inhabitants per square kilometer.
One important factor in the population growth has been migration into the state from other parts of Mexico due to the state’s industry, low crime rate and other factors.
Over 96% of the population is Catholic, with very small percentages reporting as Protestant or Evangelical.[20] The state is not culturally or socially homogenous. The first large distinction is between those who live in the mountains and those who live in the valleys. Those in the mountains are closer culturally to those living on the Gulf Coast, with the latter having more in common with cultures found in the west of Mexico and the central highlands .[24]
There are indigenous communities in seven of the 18 municipalities of the state, mostly
According to the 2020 Census, 1.83% of Querétaro's population identified as Black,
Culture
Western painting developed in the state during the colonial period, when artists such as Pedro de Rojas López, Tomás Noriega and Diego Sanabria produced primarily religious art. More diverse production came into being in the 19th century forward; José Mariano Perrusquia y Rubio, Mariano Montenegro and Germán Patiño Díaz produced paintings and even photography. Patiño Díaz was the director of the old Academia de Dibujo y Pintura de San Fernando, which trained more artists in the state such as Agustín Rivera Ugalde. The 20th century produced artists such as Braulio Rodríguez Granda, Jesús Rodríguez de la Vega, Jesús Águila Herrera and Restituto Rodríguez Camacho. The current generation of Querétaro artists includes Rafael Rodríguez, Virginia Ledesma, Ramsés de la Cruz and Juan Eduardo Muñoz .[27] In the field of photography, Natalia Baquedano was one of the first women to open a photographic studio in Mexico. She began her training in Querétaro, before moving to Mexico city.[28]
The state has produced a large number of writers. Major writers from the 19th century include poet and journalist Juan María Wenceslao Sánchez de la Barquera y Morales, poet and short story writer Néstora Téllez Rendón, poet and orator Celestino Díaz Domínguez, journalist and playwright Luis Frías Hernández, writer and doctor Hilarión Frías y Soto and poet and academic Juan B. Delgado. The early 20th century produced poet and translator Francisco Cervantes, arguably the most important literary figure from Querétaro internationally; poet and journalist José Dolores Frías Rodríguez, songwriter Carlos Cabrera Pedraza, novelist Alfredo Coéllar Gómez and poet Carlos Septién García. The current generation of writers includes poets Román Luján, Luis Alberto Arellano, Benjamín Moreno, César Cano and Tadeus Argüeyo.[29]
Indigenous music can be found in Otomi areas, such as in the municipalities of
Most traditional festivals are tied to the Catholic religion, with some of the most important being La Candelaria (Candlemas), Holy Week and Day of the Dead. Locally important are the myriad of festivals to patron saints of towns, villages and municipalities. In addition, ta number of civic and economic festivals and fairs include celebrations of the founding of the various cities, regional fairs in Cadereyta, El Marqués, Jalpan de Serra and others to showcase local products and culture.[30]
México Folklórico is a dance group created in 1990 within the Academia de la Cultura of the state teachers’ union. It consists of teachers’ children, who are studying high school or above, as an extracurricular activity. Its repertoire includes dances and other traditions from various parts of Mexico. It has performed in many parts of Mexico, as well as in the rest of the Americas and Europe.[32]
The cooking of the Sierra Gorda region is strongly influenced by the Huasteca cuisine of neighboring
Traditional food products include a candy made of guava fruit and sugar, jams, and sweets made from pulque, milk candies from Bernal, a hard bread called mezquitamal, which is made by the Otomis, and various types of mole sauces made in Amealco. In the Sierra Gorda area, gorditas can be prepared with sugar, cheese, and piloncillo. The zacahuil, a large type of
History
The official name of the state is "Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro" (Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro). The formal name of the capital is Santiago de Querétaro. However, both are commonly referred to simply as Querétaro.
Agricultural settlements dated to about 500 BCE have been found in the San Juan del Río and
When the Spanish conquered the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century, the largest indigenous group in the state was the Otomi, many of whom were living more or less under Purépecha rule. This population would increase with Otomi refugees from Aztec lands fleeing the Spanish.[24][38] Another significant group was the Chichimecas.[9] With the fall of Tenochtitlán, then the Purépecha Empire, the Spanish gained some control over the southern portion of the state. However, the area was still very independent, filled with peoples who lived in small isolated villages or nomadically. There were no major cities, nor large societies there or north.[24][38]
The conquest and colonization of Querétaro began with the Spanish settlements at San Juan del Río, Querétaro and Huimilpan between 1529 and 1531.
During the rest of the 16th century, the Spanish city of Querétaro would form the northern extension of known lands to the Spanish conquerors.[38] The Spanish initially shared power in the area with local indigenous leaders until well into the 17th century in many areas. However, indigenous power waned over time, eventually disappearing completely.[37] However, the Spanish would not subdue and evangelized the last of the resistant peoples, the Chichimec Jonaz until the end of the 18th century.[24]
Most of the north of the state consists of an area known as the
The territory of Querétaro was consolidated during the 17th century. Santiago de Querétaro was declared a city in 1655.
This development made the city wealthy for the rest of the colonial period.[37] Querétaro reached its height of the colonial period during the 18th century due to its strategic position with the northern territories and because of its livestock production. There was also a significant textile industry for local and regional markets. Querétaro was the first major producer of wool cloth in New Spain. At the end of the century, The Real Fabrica de Tabaco (Royal Tobacco Factory) was established, the second most important of its type in New Spain. There was also some mineral production, especially silver in an area called El Doctor.[24]
The city of Querétaro was strategic in the development of events just before the start of the Mexican War of Independence. It was the site of the conspiracy among Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Ignacio Allende, Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez and her husband the Corregidor of Querétaro Miguel Domínguez. The plot was uncovered when another conspirator, Epigmenio González, was caught with a stockpile of weapons to start the war. Ortiz de Dominguez sent word to Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla in Dolores, Guanajuato (now Dolores Hidalgo, Guanajuato) that the plot was discovered. At that point, Hidalgo decided to begin the revolt against colonial rule in on 15 September, rather than in December as planned. Gonzalez was imprisoned in the Philippines from 1810 to 1838 for his role. The Corregidor and his wife were caught and imprisoned for their parts as well.[9][37] Soon after, the city of Querétaro was taken by royalist forces and would stay that way for much of the war. The only fighting in the state were skirmishes fought in the mountain areas. The city of Querétaro would be one of the last royalist bastions to fall.[24]
After the war, Querétaro was made a state with the 1824 Constitution.[45] However, the city and state would lose the economic and cultural prominence that both had enjoyed during the colonial period. The political instability of the 19th century took its toll on commerce, which made the area’s economy suffer. The status of Querétaro would change between state and department, depending on whether Liberals or Conservatives were in power nationally. Within the state, battles for power between the two groups would lead to the state having twenty five governors between 1824 and 1855.[24]
During the century, the capital city was the scene of a number of important events. During the
Before the end of the century, modern infrastructure such as electricity, telegraph and telephones began to appear. Industry grew and modernized, with El Hércules becoming the largest textile factory in the country. Haciendas and agricultural production also grew, especially in the north of the state.[24] The capital was modified and expanded, and it was linked to the rest of the country via rail in 1882. Public education began in the state at the beginning of the 20th century with fifty-four primary schools and the first graduates of the state’s first teachers’ college.[24]
However, at the same time, strikes and other movements against the Diaz regime had begun in the state and elsewhere in the country. The largest strike in the state was against the El Hércules factory in 1909.
After the war, the economy of the state recovered slowly. Between 1940 and 1960, economic progress came more rapidly, with the industrial infrastructure growing and modernizing. During the same period, the population grew substantially as well. Much of industrial growth from then to the present can be seen in the various industrial parks located north of the capital city. In the following thirty years, the city grew to over four times its previous size.[24][47] However, the state conserved the city’s historic center, which was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. The city’s official name, which had been changed simply to "Querétaro", was restored to "Santiago de Querétaro" the same year.[24][46]
In 1997, the
Economy
General description
Economic activity in the state is closely tied to trends at the national level. This includes the declining contribution to
The municipalities of the state are grouped into five economic regions centered on Amealco de Bonfil, Cadereyta de Montes, Jalpan de Serra, Querétaro and San Juan del Río. The Amealco region includes this municipality and the municipality of Huimilpan. Most of its economy is based on cereal production with only minor industry such as maquiladoras and textiles. There are also handcrafts produced by indigenous groups.[50]
The Cadereyta región includes this municipality, Colón, Peñamiller and Tolimán. Agriculture is limited to the rainy season, but there is significant production of livestock such as goats. There is also some forestry activity. Industry is not common, but some technically advanced factories exist. There are also maquiladoras, textile and recycling operations which primarily employ women.[50]
The Jalpan de Serra region includes this municipality and
The Querétaro región includes the capital and the municipalities of
The San Juan del Río region includes this municipality and
Agriculture and forestry
Agriculture and livestock have been traditionally important for the state, and while it only provides about four percent of the state’s GDP, down from eighteen percent in 1970, it employs a far larger percentage of the population, with it being the basis of the economy in many rural areas.
Within agriculture, production of crops has decreased while the production of animal products has increased. Crops as a percentage of agricultural production dropped from 34% in 1988 to 25.8% in 1993.[19] One of the leading milk producers in the country, Querétaro farms also breed livestock and dairy cows. Livestock production is important and growing, mostly consisting of cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, horses and domestic fowl. Querétaro is one of the top producers of chicken in Mexico. The largest producers of livestock in the state are Jalpan, Cadereyta, San Juan del Río and Querétaro.[50]
Forest land is one of the state’s two main natural resources. These forests contain commercial species such as pine, oak, cedar, juniper, mesquite and more. Most of these are found in and around the Sierra Gorda area. There is about 70,000 hectares of possible productive land but only 17,000 have been studied for management.[10] Land actively involved in forestry operations equals 9,358m2, most of which is in the municipalities of Landa de Matamoros and Amealco de Bonfil.[50] 20.7% is used for grazing. 24.22% is forest; 3.95% is rainforest and 40.62 is arid scrub brush.[10]
Mining and industry
Mining, manufacturing and construction accounts for about 39% of the GDP, with manufacturing alone accounting for 32%.
Querétaro’s major cities are home to industrial complexes that produce machinery and other metallic products, chemicals and processed foods.
The city of Querétaro has become the most advanced center of the aeronautics industry in Mexico, anchored by a plant belonging to Canadian conglomerate Bombardier, which opened in 2005. This plant manufactures fuselages and electrical systems, recently adding wing production for the Learjet 85, a nonmetallic plane. This plant is the largest of the 189 aeronautics facilities in Mexico, employing about 2,000 people. There are eight other aeronautics enterprises located in the state.[52]
The state is known for dairy products and wine. Two of Querétaro’s cities,
Traditional handcrafts
Handcrafts produced in the state include baskets, textiles, metal objects, pottery and items made from wood, leather and paper. Basket making is common in many parts of the state, and similar fibers are also used to create hats, decorative items and more made from various materials such as reed, willow branches and palm fronds. In Jalpan de Serra, they make various items from palm fronds such as bags, hats and mats. Fine woven hats can be found in Tequisquiapan as well as baskets made with a variety of willow. Baskets are made in San Juan del Río as well as in Cadereyta with willow and with reeds.[53] Basket making and rope are made in most areas of the state. In Ezequiel Montes, ixtle fiber is used to make sisal and rope. In Peñamiller henequen is used. In San Juan del Río reeds are used to make baskets. In Tolimán, furniture and more is made with willow branches. Tequisquiapan makes crafts with rattan, roots, juniper and pine branches along with ixtle.[30]
Tolimán is known for its traditional clothing, especially
Sculpting and building with sandstone is a major business and craft due to the material’s abundance in the mountains. Various types of sculptures as well as building blocks are created from it. In the communities of Escolásticas and Ejido de Ajuchitlancito in the
There are various communities in the state which specialize in pottery. Products include every day utensils and cookware to architectural elements, figures and sculptures. The clay from Cadereyta is valued for its quality. In the community of San Juan de Guedío in the municipality of Amealco they specialized in storage containers as well as the figures of saints and those for nativity scenes. Other areas noted for their pottery are Colón and Ezequiel de Montes.[56]
Other items are made from materials such as wood, leather and paper. Wood items include furniture, toys and musical instruments, especially guitars and violins and include miniature musical instruments, which are made in
Commerce, services and tourism
Commerce, services and tourism accounts for 57% of the state’s GDP, led by commerce at 19% and services at 18% both related and not to tourism.[22][50] This is an increase from 45% in 1970.[19] Since the 1990s, the state has promoted its tourism industry, with attendance at international forums, and building of hotels and other infrastructure.[50] The Centro de Congresos (Convention Center) of Querétaro was inaugurated in 2011 to attract more business travel to the state. The facility contains ten halls, with a capacity of 9,000 people.[58]
There are two areas declared as historic monuments by the Mexican federal government, the historic center of Querétaro and the historic center of San Juan del Río. The historic center of Querétaro has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. Most historic and cultural attractions are located in the capital. Museums include the Museo de Arte de Querétaro, the Museo Regional de Querétaro, the Museo de la Ciudad, the Museo del Sitio de Querétaro and Museo de la Matemática. Outside of the capital, there are the Museo Histórico de la Sierra Gorda, Museo Arqueológico y Minero de la Sierra and the Museo de la Muerte in San Juan del Río.[30] Another major attraction is its 74-arched aqueduct built in the early 1700s. The aqueduct rises 23 meters (75 ft) above street level and conveyed drinking water to the city from regional springs until 1970.[22] The founding of the city of Querétaro is celebrated in July with various cultural and gastronomic events. Conchero dancers go in procession to the La Cruz Church to commemorate the appearance of Saint James.[31]
Querétaro has a number of areas which lend themselves to ecotourism.
The state promotes its wine and cheeses with a Ruta del Vino or Wine Route. This connects three major wineries, Freixenet, La Redonda and Los Aztecas, along with various cheese producing facilities and some small towns chosen for their charm, such as Tequisquiapan and Bernal. There is also a Cheese and Wine Museum. At the wineries, one can observe how the product is made, which includes both sparkling and normal wines. The cheese producers make their products from goats’, cows’ and sheep’s milk, and in the two villages, one can enjoy both wine and cheese at the same time. At the end of July and the beginning of August, there is the first harvest, called the Vendimia. At the end of May and beginning of June, Tequisquiapan hosts the National Cheese and Wine Fair.[60] The Feria del Queso y el Vino (Cheese and Wine Fair) is held at the end of may and beginning of June in Tequisquiapan featuring wine producers from various parts of the world. Grape harvest festivals are held at Freixenet and La Redonda at the end of June.[31]
Querétaro has one
In addition, there are a number of old haciendas which have been converted into hotels, spas and other recreational facilities. The Juriquilla Hacienda is one of nine haciendas which dominated the municipality of San Rosa. The largest was Juriquilla, founded in 1707. In the 19th century, it belonged to Timoteo Fernando de Jaurgui and later to a number of entrepreneurial families. Since 1993, the main house has been converted into a 196 room hotel, maintaining the buildings colonial architecture. The best conserved structure is the hacienda chapel. The Jurica Hacienda is known for its freshwater springs. The main house is a hotel with 182 rooms. The former chapel is intact, all original except the flooring. The Galindo Hacienda was converted into a hotel and restore in the 1970s after decades of abandonment. The San Gil Hacienda is traditionally said to have been a property of La Malinche. Today it is a hotel and spa surrounding the original gardens of the main house. The La Venta Hacienda has its origins in the late 16th century as a land grant to Baltasar de Salazar to build lodgings for those traveling to the unexplored northern lands. It is the smallest of the hacienda resorts with only 51 rooms in its hotel.[62]
The state has a number of colonial era missions, mostly in the
Education
Basic Education is defined as the levels from preschool to middle school and includes other types of education such as special education, indigenous schools, bilingual school and adult remedial education. The state contains nearly 2,000 schools at this level including 1,225 preschools, 1,392 primary schools and 364 middle schools. Education Media Superior includes high schools, vocational schools and technical schools for those who graduate middle school. There are 115 campuses of this type located in all the municipalities of the state, but it covers less than 80% of the demand for this kind of education. The average number of years of schooling in the state is 7.5 years, meaning the completion of primary school and a little over a year in middle school. Levels of schooling increase with younger generations, with nearly all under 5 attending preschool before primary school. Nearly all children of age attend and finish primary school, and nearly all of these begin middle school.[63] However, 8.8% of the population fifteen and older have not enrolled in school at all. 19% have completed primary, 27.2% have completed at least middle school/technical school, 17.9% have completed high school and 14.5 have gone onto higher education.[9]
The state’s cultural and educational center is the capital, with a variety of universities, technological schools and institutes of higher technical studies, with include. These institutions supply highly trained graduates for the work force. This is one factor that contributes to the higher socioeconomic level of the state.
The state university is the
The Universidad Tecnológica de Querétaro (UTEQ) was founded in 1994 with 146 students with majors in Administration, Business, Industrial Maintenance and Production Processes. The first classes were taught in rented as facilities were being built on a 25 hectare campus in Colonia San Pedrito Peñuelas. Today the school has eight majors at the undergraduate level.[65]
The
There are also thirty one research centers with the most prominent being: el Instituto de Ciencias de la Tierra de la UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Centro Nacional de Investigación en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal (CENIF-MAI), CIATEQ, A.C. (Centro de Investigación y Asistencia Técnica del Estado de Querétaro - CIATEQ),[67] Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación y Docencia en Educación Técnica (CIIDET), Instituto Mexicano del Transporte (IMT), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Electroquímica del Estado (CIDETEQ), Laboratorio de Materiales Unidad Querétaro del CINESTAV-I.P.N., Centro de Neurobiología, Instituto Tecnológico de Querétaro, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Campus Querétaro (ITESM), Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Condumex, Transmisiones y Equipos Mecánicos (TREMEC), Centro Queretano de Recursos Naturales (CQRN), Centro de Ingeniería y Desarrollo Industrial (CIDESI), MABE Tecnología y Desarrollo, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias (INIFAP), Instituto de Física UNAM, Escuela Normal del Estado de Querétaro "Andrés Balvanera" (ENEQ) and the Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada I.P.N. (CICATA).[63]
A number of these facilities support manufacturing and other industrial sectors of the economy. This also permits partnerships and alliances.[21] One of the most important research center in the state is the National Metrology Center (CENAM), which is a dependency of the Secretariat of Economy. The main function of the center is to bring together science and technology to support the country’s economy. It is the second most important of its kind in the Americas.[51]
In December 2013, Arkansas State University in Jonesboro, Arkansas announced the construction of an ASU Campus in Querétaro. The school is said to be the first "american-style" campus in Latin America, meaning students will be able to live on-campus, instead of having to commute from home to class. Construction began in February 2014. While classes were originally expected to start in July 2015, due to infrastructure issues (e.g., water and power), the opening has been rescheduled for 2016.[68] Plans for the school include dorms, a library, student resource centers, and sports complexes. The campus is set to open in 2017 with 1,000 students. Whether or not the school will field intercollegiate athletics teams or if the complexes are for student recreational use is unclear.
Transportation and communications
Transport
The state has a total of 3,349.5 km of highways, almost all of which is paved. 571 km of this is federal highway, 880.90 is state highway and 1,885.70 are rural roads. This includes a section of the Pan American Highway. The highway system centers on the capital and connects the state with Mexico City,
Other infrastructure includes water systems, public buses, rail lines, an international airport and radio and television stations. Most of the irrigation and water-storage areas are also concentrated in the Querétaro and San Juan del Rio municipalities.
Media
The state has twenty radio stations, seventeen of which are commercial enterprises. Stations include XHUAQ, XHORT, XHOZ, XHOE, XHQTO, XHMQ, XHJHS, XHZQ, XHRQ, XEUAQ, XEQG, XEKH, XEXE, XWGV, XEQUE, XEJX, XEHY and XENA. Television stations are mostly repeaters of national channels such as
Major newspapers and magazines include Noticias, Diario de Querétaro, Sol de San Juan, Financiero Regional, Nuevo Amanecer, Futuro de Querétaro, Para Comentar, Nuevo Milenio, Rotativo, Año 2000, Mundo de Querétaro, Agora, Cabañuelas, El Imparcial, El Informador, Mass, Magazine, Reporte (Q), Rincones Queretanos, Radar and El Informador de Santa Rosa Jáuregui.[63][70][71]
Government
The state government is divided into the Legislative, Judicial and Executive branches under Article 23 of the state constitution. The executive branch is headed by the governor, under whom are a number of agencies, including the state secretary and the state attorney general. The Legislature is unicameral made up of representatives popularly elected in districts of the state. This legislature has a number of committees tasked with certain types of legislation. The Judiciary consists of a state supreme court and a system of various lower courts.[72]
Archaeology
Humans have been living in the area for between 4,000 and 6,000 years, with the oldest settlements in the southern part. In the pre-Hispanic period the area was important for its commercial routes which linked the Gulf Coast, the Huasteca Region and the central highlands of Mexico principally, but there is evidence of commercial traffic from much further away. This made the area one of cultural exchanges with various ethnicities. When the Spanish arrived, the area was inhabited by the
Las Ranas and
Toluquilla is a smaller site, occupied from 300 CE to 1300CE. This site was a ceremonial, political and administrative center, located on the upper part of an elongated hill, surrounded by ravines. The structures consist of a series of pyramid bases of stone and mud covered in stone plates or tiles. It also contains four Mesoamerican ball courts, one of which is much larger than other similar ones in the area from the same time. There is also a building which shows evidence of stucco work.[74] Later in its history, the area was invaded by the Chichimeca Jonaz, but when the Spanish arrived both sites were abandoned.[15]
The La Campana archeological site has been sacked and severely damaged. The site is the most important in the northwest of the state, corresponding to the Huasteca culture dating from the year 600 CE. The site was discovered in the mid 20th century, but has not been excavated due to the lack of funds. It contains 160 structures including platforms, plazas, patios, and more.[77]
Other discoveries in the state have included that of a 2,300-year-old mummy of a female child, with accompanying fabric, hair, feathers and plant remains. The discovery was made in a cave at a dry, cold, high-altitude site in the Sierra Gorda region. It is one of the oldest mummies found in Mexico, and was mummified through natural causes rather than by any preservation technique. The girl is estimated to have died around 320 BCE.[78]
Villages
See also
References
- ^ For 19th-century governor José María Arteaga.[11]
- ^ "Las Diputaciones Provinciales" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-06-07.
- ^ "Senadores por Querétaro LXI Legislatura". Senado de la Republica. Archived from the original on June 30, 2017. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ "Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Querétaro". Camara de Diputados. Archived from the original on July 20, 2011. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ "Resumen". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on June 7, 2007. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
- ^ "Relieve". Cuentame INEGI. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2011.
- ^ a b "México en cifras". January 2016.
- ^ Citibanamex (June 13, 2023). "Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved August 13, 2023.
- ^ "Mexico scraps daylight saving time except along border with US". USA Today. Associated Press. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Información general e historia del estado" [General and historical information of the state] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Querétaro. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Medio Físico" [Environment]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Hechos Históricos Relevantes de Querétaro".
- ^ a b "Constitución Política del Estado de Querétaro" (PDF). La Sombra de Arteaga: Periódico Oficial. 31 March 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
El nombre del Estado se establece como "Querétaro" el cual corresponde al que se reconoce en el artículo 43 de la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y por tanto en el pacto federal, quedando sin efecto el decreto que daba el nombre de Querétaro de Arteaga de fecha anterior a 1917.
- ^ a b "Perfil Sociodemografico" [Regions profile]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ISSN 1870-9397.
- ^ a b c d Cornejo, Josué. "La Sierra Gorda de Querétaro" [The Sierra Gorda of Querétaro]. Arqueología Mexicana magazine (in Spanish). Mexico. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Sismos inquietan a queretanos" [Tremors rattle Queretanos]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. February 13, 2011.
- ^ "Censo Querétaro 2020".
- ^ "Mexico: extended population list". GeoHive. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012. Retrieved 2011-07-29.
- ^ ISBN 92-5-104868-1. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Perfil Sociodemografico" [Sociodemographic profile]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Crawford, Mark (February 2004). "El Marques Industrial Park". Area Development Site and Facility Planning. 39 (1): 97–101.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Querétaro". A&E Television Networks. 1996–2011. Archived from the original on March 8, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Aumenta migración a Querétaro por violencia" [Migration to Querétaro increases]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. January 23, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "Historia" [History]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 19.
- ^ "Panorama sociodemográfico de México". www.inegi.org.mx.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 14-15.
- – via Taylor and Francis.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 15-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Atractivos Culturales y Turísticos" [Cultural and Tourism Attractions]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Actividades y rutas todo el año" [Routes and activities for the entire year] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Querétaro. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "México Folklórico" [Folk Dance of Mexico] (in Spanish). Mexico: Danza Mexico Folklorico. Archived from the original on February 1, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Jiménez González, p 43.
- ^ a b c "Nomenclatura" [Nomenclature]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "'Querétaro', la palabra elegida como la más hermosa en el Día del Español". CNN México. 18 June 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ "Querétaro y las otras cinco palabras favoritas del español". BBC Mundo. 18 June 2011. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
- ^ a b c d Jiménez González, p 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g Jiménez González, p 28.
- ^ "Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro Querétaro" (in Spanish). Mexico: INAFED. Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ a b "Santiago, Querétaro" (in Spanish). Mexico: El Clima. Archived from the original on 2010-02-09. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ "Introduction to Santiago de Queretaro". USA: Frommers. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ Cornejo, Josué (Jan–Feb 2006). "La Sierra Gorda de Querétaro" [The Sierra Gorda of Querétaro]. Arqueología Mexicana. 77 (in Spanish). XIII. Mexico City: Editorial Raíces S.A. de C.V.: 54–63. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ Velasco Mireles, Margarita (Jan–Feb 2006). "El mundo de la Sierra Gorda" [The World of the Sierra Gorda]. Arqueología Mexicana. 77 (in Spanish). XIII. Mexico City: Editorial Raíces S.A. de C.V.: 28–37. Archived from the original on January 30, 2011. Retrieved March 29, 2011.
- ^ "Querétaro - Pinal de Amoles". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on March 27, 2012. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ a b Jiménez González, p 29-30.
- ^ a b c Jiménez González, p 30.
- ^ a b Jiménez González, p 31.
- ^ "Destacan beneficios de sistema Acueducto II en Querétaro" [Highlighting benefits of the Acueduct II in Querétaro]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. February 17, 2011.
- ^ Castillo, Salvador (February 19, 2011). "Querétaro genera un cuarto de empleos del país" [Querétaro generates a quarters of the jobs in the country]. Magazine de Querétaro Claroscurovip (in Spanish). Querétaro, Mexico. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Actividad Económica" [Economic Activity]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b "Mexico has obtain (sic) over 80 billion dollars in foreign direct investment during this administration" (Press release). Secretaría de Economía. February 2, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Luis Alberto Medina (January 11, 2009). "Querétaro, centro aeronáutico" [Querétaro, aeronautical center]. El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). Torreon, Mexico. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 38-39.
- ^ a b Jiménez González, p 39-40 .
- ^ Jiménez González, p 40-41.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 41.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 41-42.
- ^ "Inaugura gobernador Centro de Convenciones de Querétaro" [Governor inaugurats the Convention Center of Querétaro]. Diario Rotativo (in Spanish). Querétaro, Mexico. February 5, 2011. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Reyna, Juan Carlos (October 2010). "Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra Gorda" [Sierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve]. Donde Ir (in Spanish). Mexico City: RR Donnellery de Mexico S de RI de CV: 54.
- ^ "a ruta queretana del queso y el vino" [A Querétaro route of cheese and wine] (in Spanish). Mexico: State of Querétaro- Secretaria del Turismo. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Cháirez, Arturo (May 2001). "Bernal (Querétaro)". Mexico Desconocido magazine (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Diaz, Eduardo (May 2009). "Haciendas de Querétaro" [Haciendas of Querétaro]. Donde de Viaje (in Spanish). Mexico City: Quebecor World Mexico DF SA de CV: 58–65.
- ^ a b c d e f "Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones" [Social infrastructure and communications]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Historical Background of the University". Querétaro: Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro. 2007. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Historia de la UTEQ" [History of the UTEQ] (in Spanish). Querétaro: Universidad Tecnológica del Estado de Querétaro. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Antecedentes Históricos" [Historical Antecedents] (in Spanish). Querétaro: Instituto Tecnológico del Estado de Querétaro. Archived from the original on February 25, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "C I A T E Q". www.ciateq.mx. Retrieved 2020-12-07.
- ^ University, Arkansas State (21 August 2014). "A-State Campus in Mexico Targets 2016 Opening". astate.edu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
- ^ "Historia" [History] (in Spanish). Querétaro: Aeropuerto Internacional de Querétaro. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Publicaciones periódicas en Querétaro". Sistema de Información Cultural (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico. Retrieved March 11, 2020.
- ^ "Latin American & Mexican Online News". Research Guides. US: University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries. Archived from the original on March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Gobierno" [Government]. Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Querétaro (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Cháirez, Arturo (May 2001). "Ranas (Querétaro)". Mexico Desconocido magazine (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ a b Cháirez, Arturo (May 2001). "Toluquilla (Querétaro)". Mexico Desconocido magazine (in Spanish). Mexico City. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ Jiménez González, p 60.
- ^ "El Cerrito, nuevo atractivo en Querétaro" [El Cerrito, new attraction in Querétaro] (in Spanish). Mexico: Terra News. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2011.
- ^ "Arqueólogos denuncian saqueo en Querétaro" [Archeologists denounce sacking in Querétaro]. El Universal (in Spanish). Mexico City. Agencia el Universal. January 9, 2011.
- ^ "Archeologists discover 2,300-year-old mummy in Mexico; [Source: El Universal]". NoticiasFinancieras. Miami. December 17, 2004. p. 1.
Bibliography
Jiménez González, Victor Manuel, ed. (2010). Querétaro:Guia para descubrir los encantos del estado [Querétaro: Guide to discover the charms of the state] (in Spanish). Mexico City: Editorial Oceano de Mexico, SA de CV.
External links
- Geographic data related to Querétaro at OpenStreetMap
- Minister of Tourism of the State of Querétaro official website (in Spanish and English)
- Web directory of Querétaro