Riverina
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The Riverina (/ˌrɪvəˈriːnə/)[1] is an agricultural
Home to
Major population and service centres in the Riverina include the cities of
Geography
Government agencies and other bodies
The delineation of the Riverina region varies by government agency or body. Common official boundaries include the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Statistical Area Level 4 Riverina region,[2] Australian Electoral Commission's Federal Election Boundary called Riverina,[3] Natural Resource Management Regions Riverina region,[4] Regional Development Australia's Riverina region[5] and Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia's Riverina region.[6]
Common usage
In common usage the Riverina generally comprises the agricultural and
In general, the Riverina is an
Landform and hydrology
The
The Riverina is drained by the large
Climate
The
Rainfall levels in the Riverina are generally low with the median annual rainfall over most of the region between 250–500 millimetres (9.8–19.7 in), rising to between 500–800 mm (20–31 in) on the eastern fringe. Because the region is situated on the
Riverina bioregion
One method of classification of boundaries for the Riverina is the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia that defines the bioregion as an area comprising 9,704,469 hectares (23,980,270 acres), with biogeographic sub-regions covering each of the Lachlan, Murrumbidgee, Murray Fans, Victorian Riverina, Robinvale Plains and Murray Scroll Belt.[20]
The NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service has divided New South Wales into 17 distinct bioregions. Bioregions are quite large areas of land that capture a geophysical pattern which is linked to fauna and flora ecosystems. The Riverina bioregion is an area of land that comprises part of the larger Riverina area but also extends into Victoria. It has been defined by the New South Wales Parks and Wildlife Service as extending from Ivanhoe in the Murray Darling Depression Bioregion south to Bendigo, and from Narrandera in the east to Balranald in the west. 74.03% of the bioregion is in New South Wales, the remainder in Victoria.[21]
In another mapping the
River channels in the region support River Red Gum (
Significant mammals endemic to forests in the bioregion include various species of glider, such as Sugar Gliders (
History
The rivers played a leading role in the lifestyle of the Aboriginal people, acting as a source of food and a means of communication and trade.
Exploration and pastoral settlement
The first European explorer in the Riverina was
Pastoral settlement followed soon after, with grazing runs established along the Murray and Murrumbidgee as far west as Hay by 1839. At the time, the area was known as the Murrumbidgee District."Cocketgedong" Station, between Jerilderie and Urana, was established in the 1840s by Messrs Brock & Hardie. A map, dated 1864, held by the State Library of Victoria shows them still in possession. At that time, there was little fencing and the sheep were brought back to camps each night by the shepherds. The camps named on the map include Stockyard Camp, Mick's Hill Camp, Columba Camp, The Gums Camp, Coonong Camp, and Sydney Gate Camp. Messrs Watt & Thomson, the owners of an adjoining property, "North Urana", subsequently purchased "Cocketgedong" from Brock & Hardie, giving them a total area of approximately 65,000 acres. In 1904 D & W Gibb, Wool Brokers in Melbourne, purchased "Cocketgedong" which comprised 45,000 acres freehold and approximately 20,000 acres Crown Leasehold. After World War I, the leasehold was resumed for Soldier Settlement blocks, leaving "Cocketgedong" with 36,000 acres and "North Urana" 9000 acres divided by several holdings. The latter part was sold in the early 1950s, leaving the approximate area originally taken up by Brock & Hardie, held by the D & W Gibb Estate. The Woolshed constructed in 1910 consisted of 20 stands, although by 1970 when it was demolished after a new Woolshed was constructed, only 10 stands were being used. The Estate of D & W Gibb sold "Cocketgedong in 1972. Moulamein, in the western Riverina, appears to make legitimate claims as the oldest town in the Riverina,[31] and indeed to being older than Melbourne.[32] The settlers often came into conflict with the indigenous inhabitants. In the Narrandera district, a battle took place between settlers and the local Narrungderra clan at a location now known as Massacre Island, reportedly leaving only one survivor.[33]
The name "Riverine", coined from the Entre Ríos Province (between two rivers) in Argentina, South America, was in use as early as 1857: a long letter under the caption "Riverine Colony" appeared in the Albury Border Post of 24 January that year.[34] The name was coined by Dunmore Lang who translated it from the Spanish.[39]
Dunmore Lang was also involved with the short lived Riverina
Riverboats and railways
From 1853, the Riverina was linked to markets through a series of riverboats along the Murray and Murrumbidgee to the river ports of Mannum and Goolwa in South Australia[43][44] and from 1864, to Echuca connected by rail to Melbourne.[45] Riverboats reached as far upstream as Gundagai and Albury and towns such as Darlington Point, Narrandera and Moulamein became important river ports.[21][33][42][46] The riverboat era peaked in the twenty years from 1870 to 1890, declining with the coming of the railway and finally ending with the disruption to the workforce caused by World War I.[46]
From Melbourne,
The number of cross border railways expanded with the passing of the
Bushrangers
Transport links assisted the development of the Riverina economy, at the same time areas of the region found themselves under threat from robbery and murder by various
The infamous Australian bushranger,
Riverina and federation
The close geographic and cultural ties between the Riverina and northern Victoria, combined with continuing frustration with inter colonial tariffs, made the Riverina a fertile area for ideas for uniting the various colonies in an Australian federation. This would see the southern Riverina in particular take a leading role in bringing about federation.
Prior to federation, the various Australian colonies could, and often did, charge tariffs on goods from the other colonies, ostensibly for the protection of their domestic manufacturing industries, mainly based in the larger cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. For a border community such as the southern Riverina, these tariffs were a sore burden, making goods purchased from Melbourne, the closest large city, more expensive and reducing the competitiveness of these towns supplying the Melbourne and Adelaide markets.[58] In addition, crossing the border on the Murray River was a tiresome experience as each border crossing had customs posts inspecting goods and luggage to ensure all duty was paid and to reduce smuggling, a popular activity.[59] Another item of concern was the lack of adequate river crossings. Along the Riverina the Murray was—and remains—part of New South Wales, who had no interest in assisting border residents to access goods and services in Victoria that may otherwise have been sourced from Sydney.
In the early 1890s, for mainly patriotic reasons, the Australian Natives' Association helped establish the Federation League, a society dedicated to the creation of a federal nation.[58] Following a series of addresses by the future Prime Minister, Edmund Barton to large crowds, some 15 League branches were established in the towns along the southern border.[59][60] One of these towns, Corowa, was the location for the first conference of the Australian Federation League in 1893. At this conference, Dr John Quick, a delegate from Bendigo, proposed a resolution calling for the colonial legislatures to pass an act providing for the election of representatives to a convention to develop a federal constitution. This has been seen as the turning point in the push for Federation. The momentum generated from this point lead to a series of conventions and elections and finally, the inauguration of a federal constitution on 1 January 1901.[58]
Irrigation and closer settlement
Large scale irrigation commenced with the establishment of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) in 1912 which diverted water from the Murrumbidgee River near Narrandera. The River Murray Waters Agreement of 1915 allowed 26 weirs to be constructed with locks to provide permanent riverboat access to Echuca. When riverboat transport was no longer significant, the weirs supported irrigation. Irrigation in the region continued to develop with the construction of the Hume Dam between 1919 and 1931, the Burrinjuck Dam built in 1928 and Blowering Dam built in 1968.[24]
Development and promotion of the MIA led to large scale settlement on land described by Oxley 100 years earlier as "country which, for barrenness and desolation, can I think, have no equal." Settlers came from a diverse range of backgrounds and nationalities. In particular, the
Agriculture
The high soil fertility and abundance of water in the Riverina floodplain has made the Riverina region one of the most productive farming regions in Australia with rice, wheat,
For the first few decades following the 1830s, European pastoral activity focused in the main on cattle production but by the 1860s sheep were the predominant stock.[24]
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the region's agricultural and horticultural production was worth more than A$1 billion. The region produces:
- over 25% of the state's fruit and vegetables
- 90% of NSW citrus products
- 80% of NSW wine/grape production
- livestock feedlots, sales and processing facilities
- nearly 20% of all NSW crop production and two-thirds of its total value.[62]
In 1991–92 sheep and lamb numbers in the region were close to seven million and there were 500,000 meat cattle.[34] The Riverina is also a significant almond growing region.[63]
Wool
Much of the dryland areas of the Riverina contain large sheep stations, producing medium class wool. The Peppin Merino sheep was first bred in the area around Wanganella. As many as 70 percent of today's Australian Merinos are said to be directly descended from the Peppin-developed sheep.[64] The Riverina is home to many Merino studs and the saltbush plains are regarded as one of Australia's best wool growing regions.[65]
Rice
The Riverina produces the vast majority of rice grown in Australia, particularly in the
Historically, well over one million tonnes of Australian rice has been produced each year and exported to over 70 countries, generating
Wine
The area generally known as "the Riverina" is broader than the area legally defined as the
The Riverina region is one of the most prosperous grape growing regions in Australia (particularly in Griffith), along with the
Irrigation made it possible to grow grapes for wine. The first grapes were planted at Hanwood in the spring of 1913 by John McWilliam and his eldest son Jack who had come to the district from their winery in Junee. Irrigation was by carting of water until the irrigation channels were opened a few months later.[74] The first grapes were picked in 1916 and sent to Junee for processing. Penfolds established its winery in the region in 1919.[34]
Cities, towns and settlements
At the 2016 census, the population of the Riverina (ABS SA4 Region) was 155,934, 5.4% of whom were indigenous and 18.4% born outside Australia. In common usage the Riverina often includes parts of the Murray SA4 region, as of 2016 the population of Murray was 115,803, 3.4% of the population were indigenous and 17.7% were born outside of Australia.[75]
The Riverina includes two cities; Wagga Wagga and Griffith. Other large towns include Leeton, Finley, Deniliquin, Cootamundra, West Wyalong, Narrandera, Junee and Temora. Wagga Wagga is the largest inland city in New South Wales with an estimated resident population of 56,675 people in 2019[77] and serves as an important employment, educational, cultural, social and entertainment centre for surrounding towns throughout the Riverina. Wagga Wagga's facilities are of metropolitan standards with shopping, cafes, recreational facilities and nightlife present within the city. The two largest centres in population in the region after Wagga Wagga are Griffith and Leeton and they provide advanced services to the outlying farming regions.
Parts of the Riverina experienced substantial population growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s; in the five-year period between 1996 and 2001, Griffith's population increased by 10.8%.[78] Until recently Wagga Wagga's population was declining slowly and ageing with strong growth in age groups 40 and over.[79] This has now changed and Wagga Wagga has become one of Australia's leading examples of the "sponge" city phenomenon, attracting residents from smaller towns in the Riverina such as Urana. In the year ended 30 June 2006, the population of Wagga Wagga grew by 1.3%, driven by its role as the regional centre for the Riverina and its hosting of a campus of Charles Sturt University and Australian Defence Force bases.[80]
The Local Government Area of Temora experienced a population decline in the early 2000s, dropping from 6288 people in 2001 to a low of 5936 in 2009. Since then the LGA has grown steadily. As of 2019 the estimated resident population of Temora has now expanded to 6307 people.[81]
Politics
The Riverina is politically conservative and leans towards the National Party on both the federal and state level.
The Riverina is represented at the federal level in two divisions of the Australian House of Representatives, the Division of Riverina,[82] covering the Murrumbidgee valley; and the Division of Farrer,[83] the area along the Murray River. As of the 2019 Federal Election, Riverina is held by the National Party and Farrer by the Liberal Party, who, in coalition, are the governing parties. At the state level, the electoral districts of Albury, Cootamundra, Murray and Wagga Wagga cover the Riverina region.[84]
There are a range of
Health
In 2015, 33.1% of the region's population was
Facilities and services
Higher education in the Riverina is provided by Charles Sturt University (CSU), with campuses serving the Riverina in Albury and Wagga Wagga.[87] The university was established in 1989 with the amalgamation of the Albury and Wagga Wagga campuses of the Riverina-Murray Institute of Higher Education with the Mitchell College of Advanced Education in Bathurst.[88] CSU provides specialist services to the Riverina in areas such as viticulture and winemaking.[89]
Other educational facilities in the region include TAFE NSW, providing technical and vocational training at a number of campuses throughout the region including in West Wyalong, Cootamundra, Griffith, Hay, Leeton, Narrandera, Tumut, Temora, and Wagga Wagga.[90] Most larger centres have public high schools and most smaller centres are serviced by a public primary school.[91]
The health service in the Riverina is administered by Murrumbidgee Local Health District. Base Hospitals are located at Albury, Wagga Wagga and Griffith while Deniliquin, Hillston, Henty and Narrandera among others are home to regional hospitals.[92]
Situated between the large cities of Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide, the Riverina is a transportation hub. Major transportation links in the region include the Hume Highway, Newell Highway and Sturt Highway; all part of the Australian National Highway. Other highways include the Riverina Highway, Cobb Highway, Olympic Highway, Kidman Way, Irrigation Way and Burley Griffin Way.
NSW TrainLink rail services from Sydney to Griffith and Melbourne serve the Riverina with connecting buses reaching smaller communities.[93] V/Line provide services linking Griffith, Deniliquin and the towns along the Murray with public transport access to Melbourne.[94]
The Riverina is host to two major
Sports
The Riverina is well known for the quality and range of its sports activity and many famous sportsmen and women have hailed from the Riverina. These include:
- Tennis champions Evonne Goolagong Cawley
- Cricketers Mark Taylor, Geoff Lawson and Michael Slater
- Peter Sterling and Laurie Daley and the Mortimer brothers: Chris Mortimer, Peter Mortimer and Steve Mortimer
- Soccer players Archie Thompson and Joshua Kennedy.
- Jockeys Arthur "Scobie" Breasley and Roy Higgins.
- Basketball great Lauren Jackson.
The "Wagga Effect" is a term that has been used frequently in the Australian media to describe the disproportionately large number of elite sportsmen and women that originate from the town.[96] It is speculated that the phenomenon may arise in rural areas where the population is large enough to sustain the presence of a large number of sporting codes, but small enough to ensure that talented individuals are exposed to adult-level competition at an earlier age.
Unusually for New South Wales,
In the northern part of the Riverina,
Other popular sports in the Riverina include cycling, bowls, cricket, netball, tennis and horse racing. The Riverina is home to many racecourses and picnic race meetings are held regularly at places such as Corowa, Berrigan, Carrathool, Tumut and Lockhart.[101]
Culture
The Riverina was the setting for some of Australia's great artistic and literary works of the 19th and early 20th century. Most of these works reflected the rural lifestyle and agricultural pursuits common in the Riverina at that time and projected an image of Australia and Australians that would later change rapidly.
The writer Joseph Furphy worked as a bullocky for 10 years in the area around Hay from 1872.[102] Later, using the pen name Tom Collins, Furphy wrote Such Is Life set in the Riverina during the drought and depression of the 1890s and drawing on his experiences as a bullocky. Although a slow seller, the novel was described as "fitted to become an Australian classic" by A.G. Stephens, the literary critic of The Bulletin.[103]
Published in 1921,
The artist and key member of the Heidelberg School, Tom Roberts spent some time on a sheep station near Brocklesby prior to and during the painting of his most celebrated artwork, Shearing the Rams.[105] The painting was criticised in its time for the depiction of strong manual labour rather than the common "high art" themes of the day. It is seen now as reflecting Australia's largest industry at the time and the work of ordinary Australians. The painting is now in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria.[106]
Scots of the Riverina, a poem written by one of Australia's most renowned writers, Henry Lawson, is set in Gundagai.[107] The poem describes a father's anger at his son's desertion at harvest time and later his grief when the son dies in battle in World War I. Hay and Hell and Booligal, written by Banjo Paterson, is a humorous take on life on the flat western Riverina plan.[108]
Today, major cultural institutions in the Riverina include the Museum of the Riverina, the Riverina Theatre Company and the Wagga Wagga Art Gallery, all located in the regional centre of Wagga Wagga with outreach to the smaller towns. Many regional towns including Hay, Deniliquin and Gundagai house museums of significant regional interest. The HotHouse Theatre group, based in Albury takes live theatre to small towns throughout the Riverina.[109] The tiny town of Morundah holds an annual night at the opera, hosting performances by OzOpera and the Victorian Opera.[110] Popular music groups from the Riverina include one of Australia's most distinctive and popular bands of the '90s and 2000s, Spiderbait who come from the southern Riverina town of Finley.[111] The Riverina is currently home to two major regional LQBTQIA+ festivals, the Hay Mardi Gras established in 2018 and the Wagga Mardi Gras established in 2019.
Notes
- ^ The exact population depends on the boundary used. Somewhere between 161,595 (Riverina SA4) and 282,501 (Riverina and Murray SA4 Regions).
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- ^ "Shearing the rams, Tom ROBERTS". National Gallery of Victoria. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2007.
- ^ Matthews, Brian (1986). "Lawson, Henry (1867–1922)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- ^ "Booligal". Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2004. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
- ^ HotHouse Theatre Archived 8 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine – Touring. Retrieved 19 January 2007.
- ^ "Victorian Opera To Perform in Morundah in 2007". Urana Shire Council. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
- ^ "allmusic – Spiderbait". All Media Guide. Retrieved 9 February 2007.
External links
Media related to Riverina at Wikimedia Commons