Serbian Revolution
Serbian Revolution | |
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Bosnia ) | |
Result |
First Serbian Uprising
Hadži-Prodan's rebellion
Second Serbian Uprising
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Territorial changes | The Ottoman Empire loses direct control of the Sanjak of Smederevo |
First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
Revolutionary Serbia
Supported by:
Russian Empire (1807–12)
(from 1805) Supported by:
France[1]
Serbian rebels
Ottoman Empire
Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817)
Serbian rebels
Ottoman Empire
- First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
- Karađorđe
- Matija Nenadović
- Jakov Nenadović
- Mladen Milovanović
- Milenko Stojković
- Stanoje Glavaš
- Vasa Čarapić †
- Hajduk-Veljko †
- Miloš Obrenović (WIA)
- Petar Dobrnjac
- Tomo Milinović
- Zeka Buljubaša †
- Hadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814)
- Hadži-Prodan
- Stanoje Glavaš
- Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817)
- Miloš Obrenović
- Jovan Obrenović
- Milić Drinčić †
- Jovan Dimitrijević Dobrača
- Petar Nikolajević Moler
- Stojan Čupić †
- Sima Nenadović †
- Sima Katić
- Toma Vučić Perišić
- Tanasko Rajić †
- First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
- Mehmed-aga Fočić †
- Aganlija †
- Kučuk-Alija †
- Mula Jusuf †
- Selim III (Sultan; until 1807)
- Mustafa IV (Sultan; 1807–08)
- Mahmud II (Sultan; from 1808)
- Sulejman-paša Skopljak
- Hurshid Pasha
- Bekir Pasha
- Sinan-paša Sijerčić †
- Osman Gradaščević †
- Mehmed-beg Kulenović †
- Ibrahim Bushati
- Muhtar Pasha
- Veli Pasha
- Hadži-Prodan's rebellion (1814)
- Mahmud II (Sultan)
- Sulejman-paša Skopljak
- Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817)
- Mahmud II (Sultan)
- Maraşlı Ali Pasha
- Sulejman-paša Skopljak
- Hurshid Pasha
- Ibrahim-Pasa
- Osman-beg †
- Seuchesmu
- Caja-Imšir †
- Kara-Mustafa †
Rise of nationalism in the Balkans Nationalism under the Ottoman Empire |
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The Serbian Revolution (Serbian: Српска револуција / Srpska revolucija) was a national uprising and constitutional change in Serbia that took place between 1804 and 1835, during which this territory evolved from an Ottoman province into a rebel territory, a constitutional monarchy, and modern Serbia.[2]
In 1804, the Ottoman Janissary decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia, a move known as the Slaughter of the Knezes. The heads of the murdered Serbian nobles were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against Ottoman rule. The event triggered the start of the Serbian Revolution aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of Ottoman occupation. The first part of the period, from 1804 to 1817, was marked by a violent struggle for independence from the Ottoman Empire with two armed uprisings taking place, ending with a ceasefire. The later period (1817–1835) witnessed a peaceful consolidation of political power of the increasingly autonomous Serbia, culminating in the recognition of the right to hereditary rule by Serbian princes in 1830 and 1833 and the territorial expansion of the young monarchy.[3]
The adoption of the first written Constitution in 1835 abolished feudalism and serfdom,[4] and made the country suzerain.[3] The term Serbian Revolution was coined by a German academic historiographer, Leopold von Ranke, in his book Die Serbische Revolution, published in 1829.[5] These events marked the foundation of modern Serbia.[6]
The period is further divided as follows:
- Karađorđe Petrović
- Hadži-Prodan's rebellion(1814)
- Miloš Obrenović
- Official recognition of the Serbian state (1815–1833)
- Official Serbian Constitution (1835)
The Proclamation (1809) by
The rule of
Background
New circumstances, such as the
During the
Other Serbian thinkers found strengths in the Serbian nation itself. Two top Serbian scholars were influenced by Western learning to turn their attention to Serbia's own language and literature. One was
The second figure was Vuk Karadžić (1787). Vuk was less influenced by Enlightenment rationalism like Dositej Obradović and more by Romanticism, which romanticized rural and peasant communities. Vuk collected and published Serbian epic poetry, work that helped to build Serbian awareness of a common identity based in shared customs and shared history. This kind of linguistic and cultural self-awareness was a central feature of German nationalism in this period, and Serbian intellectuals now applied the same ideas to the Balkans.
In 1804, the Janissary that ruled Serbia at the time, having taken power in the Sanjak of Smederevo in defiance of the Sultan, feared that the Sultan would make use of the Serbs to oust them. To forestall this they decided to execute all prominent nobles throughout Central Serbia, a move known as the Slaughter of the Knezes. According to historical sources of the city of Valjevo, the heads of the murdered men were put on public display in the central square to serve as an example to those who might plot against the rule of the Janissaries. The event triggered the start of the Serbian Revolution with the First Serbian Uprising aimed at putting an end to the 370 years of Ottoman occupation of modern Serbia.[7]
First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
During the
Serbs responded to
Following the
Hadži-Prodan's Revolt (1814)
Despite losing the battle, tensions nevertheless persisted. In 1814 an unsuccessful Hadži Prodan's revolt was launched by Hadži Prodan Gligorijević, one of the veterans of the First Serbian Uprising. He knew the Turks would arrest him, so he decided to resist them. Miloš Obrenović, another veteran, felt the time was not right for an uprising and did not provide assistance.
Hadži Prodan's Uprising soon failed and he fled to Austria. After a riot at a Turkish estate in 1814, the Turkish authorities massacred the local population and publicly impaled 200 prisoners at Belgrade.[2] By March 1815, Serbs had held several meetings and decided upon a new revolt.
Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817)
The Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) was a second phase of the national revolution of the Serbs against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the brutal annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire and the failed Hadži Prodan's revolt. The revolutionary council proclaimed an uprising in Takovo on April 23, 1815, with Miloš Obrenović chosen as the leader (while Karađorđe was still in exile in Austria). The decision of the Serb leaders was based on two reasons. First, they feared a general massacre of knezes. Secondly, they learned that Karađorđe was planning to return from exile in Russia. The anti-Karađorđe faction, including Miloš Obrenović, was anxious to forestall Karađorđe and keep him out of power.[2]
Fighting resumed at Easter in 1815, and Miloš became supreme leader of the new revolt. When the Ottomans discovered this they sentenced all of its leaders to death. The Serbs fought in battles at Ljubic, Čačak, Palez, Požarevac and Dublje and managed to reconquer the
Wider
Legal status of Serbia (1815–1830)
In mid-1815, the first negotiations began between Obrenović and Marashli Ali Pasha, the Ottoman governor. The result was acknowledgment of a
During the intermezzo period ("virtual autonomy" – the negotiation process between Belgrade and Constantinople 1817–1830) Prince
New school curriculum and the re-establishment of the Serbian Orthodox Church reflected the Serbian national interest. Unlike the Serbian medieval tradition, Prince Miloš separated education from religion, on the grounds that he could oppose the Church through independent education (secularism) more easily. By that time the Great Academy in Belgrade had been in operation for decades (since 1808).[2]
The
Gallery
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The remains of sconce of battle of Ivankovac
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Deligrad battle sconce remains
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Revolutionary Serbia in 1809
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Revolutionary Serbia in 1813
See also
- Timeline of the Serbian Revolution
- Principality of Serbia
- Military history of Serbia
- List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts
- Battles of Batočina and Jagodina (23–27 March 1804)
- Battle of Drlupa (April 1804)
- Battle of Ivankovac (August 1805)
- Battle of Mišar (12–15 August 1806)
- Battle of Deligrad (December 1806)
- Siege of Belgrade (November–December 1806)
- Liberation of Belgrade (1807)
- Ičko's Peace (13 July 1806 – January 1807)
- Battle of Loznica (1807)
- Russian–Serbian Alliance(10 July 1807)
- Kruščica Rebellion(12 July 1808)
- Battle of Čegar (31 May 1809)
- Battle of Suvodol (late May 1809)
- Battle of Varvarin
- Battle of Loznica (17–18 October 1810)
- Hadži Prodan's Revolt(mid–September 1814)
References
- S2CID 222355180.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State". staff.lib.msu.edu. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
- ^ ISBN 978-3-643-10611-7. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
- ^ "Dr". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2015-03-29.
- ^ English translation: Leopold Ranke, A History of Serbia and the Serbian Revolution. Translated from the German by Mrs Alexander Kerr (London: John Murray, 1847)
- ^ L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), pp. 248–250.
- ^ Leopold von Ranke. History of Servia and the Servian Revolution. Translated by Louisa Hay Ker. pp. 119–120
- ISBN 978-86-6343-163-8.
Sources
- ISBN 9782825119587. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2018-03-02.
- Bataković, Dušan T. (2006). "A Balkan-Style French Revolution? The 1804 Serbian Uprising in European Perspective" (PDF). Balcanica (36). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-23. Retrieved 2017-01-27.
- ISBN 9781405142915.
- ISBN 9780521252492. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
- MacKenzie, David (1996). "The Serbian Warrior Myth and Serbia's Liberation, 1804–1815". Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 10 (2): 133–148. Archived from the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
- Meriage, Lawrence P. (1978). "The First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813) and the Nineteenth-Century Origins of the Eastern Question" (PDF). Slavic Review. 37 (3): 421–439. (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-31. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
- ISBN 9781850654773. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-23. Retrieved 2019-05-06.
- ISBN 9783643106117. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
- Rajić, Suzana (2010). "Serbia – the Revival of the Nation-state, 1804–1829: From Turkish Provinces to Autonomous Principality". Empires and Peninsulas: Southeastern Europe between Karlowitz and the Peace of Adrianople, 1699–1829. Berlin: LIT Verlag. pp. 143–148. ISBN 9783643106117. Archivedfrom the original on 2023-01-13. Retrieved 2015-10-25.
- Sowards, Steven W. (2009). "The Serbian Revolution and the Serbian State". Twenty-Five Lectures on Modern Balkan History: The Balkans in the Age of Nationalism. Archived from the original on 2017-10-10. Retrieved 2008-11-07.
- Zens, Robert W. (2012). "In the Name of the Sultan: Haci Mustafa Pasha of Belgrade and Ottoman Provincial Rule in the Late 18th Century". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 44 (1): 129–146. from the original on 2020-11-10. Retrieved 2020-11-10.