Voronezh
Voronezh
Воронеж | |
---|---|
City[1] | |
Postal code(s)[9] | 394000–394095 |
Dialing code(s) | +7 473[10] |
OKTMO ID | 20701000001 |
City Day | Third Saturday of September[11] |
Website | www |
Voronezh (
History
Foundation and name
The first chronicle references to the word "Voronezh" are dated 1177, when the Ryazan prince Yaropolk, having lost the battle, fled "to Voronozh" and there was moving "from town to town". Modern data of archeology and history interpret Voronezh as a geographical region, which included the
For many years, the hypothesis of the Soviet historian
The linguistic comparative analysis of the name "Voronezh" was carried out by the Khovansky Foundation in 2009. There is an indication of the place names of many countries in Eurasia, which may partly be not only similar in sound, but also united by common Indo-European languages: Varanasi, Varna, Verona, Brno, etc.[21]
A comprehensive scientific analysis was conducted in 2015–2016 by the historian Pavel Popov. His conclusion: "Voronezh" is a probable Slavic macrotoponym associated with outstanding signs of nature, has a root voron- (from the
In [1] it is assumed that the word "Voronezh" means bluing - a technique to increase the corrosion resistance of iron products. This explanation fits well with the proximity to the ancient city of Voronezh of a large iron deposit and the city of Stary Oskol. As well as the name of Voroneț Monastery known for its blue shade.
Folk etymology claims the name comes from combining the Russian words for raven (ворон) and hedgehog (еж) into Воронеж. According to this explanation two Slavic tribes named after the animals used this combination to name the river which later in turn provided the name for a settlement. There is not believed to be any scientific support for this explanation.
In the 16th century, the Middle Don basin, including the Voronezh river, was gradually conquered by Muscovy from the Nogai Horde (a successor state of the Golden Horde), and the current city of Voronezh was established in 1585 by Feodor I as a fort protecting the Muravsky Trail trade route against the slave raids of the Nogai and Crimean Tatars. The city was named after the river.[2]
17th to 19th centuries
This section needs additional citations for verification. (May 2014) |
In the 17th century, Voronezh gradually evolved into a sizable town. Weronecz is shown on the Worona river in Resania in Joan Blaeu's map of 1645.[23]
Owing to the Voronezh Admiralty Wharf, for a short time, Voronezh became the largest city of South Russia and the economic center of a large and fertile region. In 1711, it was made the seat of the Azov Governorate, which eventually morphed into the Voronezh Governorate.
In the 19th century, Voronezh was a center of the Central Black Earth Region. Manufacturing industry (mills, tallow-melting, butter-making, soap, leather, and other works) as well as bread, cattle, suet, and the hair trade developed in the town. A railway connected Voronezh with Moscow in 1868 and Rostov-on-Don in 1871.
20th century
World War II
During
Until January 25, 1943, parts of the
Post-war
By 1950, Voronezh had been rebuilt. Most buildings and historical monuments were repaired. It was also the location of a prestigious Suvorov Military School, a boarding school for young boys who were considered to be prospective military officers, many of whom had been orphaned by war.[24]
In 1950–1960, new factories were established: a tire factory, a machine-tool factory, a factory of heavy mechanical pressing, and others. In 1968, Serial production of the Tupolev Tu-144 supersonic plane was established at the Voronezh Aviation factory. In October 1977, the first Soviet domestic wide-body plane, Ilyushin Il-86, was built there.
In 1989,
21st century
From 10 to 17 September 2011, Voronezh celebrated its 425th anniversary. The anniversary of the city was given the status of a federal scale celebration that helped attract large investments from the federal and regional budgets for development.[28]
On December 17, 2012, Voronezh became the fifteenth city in Russia with a population of over one million people.[29]
Today Voronezh is the economic, industrial, cultural, and scientific center of the Central Black Earth Region. As part of the annual tradition in the Russian city of Voronezh, every winter the main city square is thematically drawn around a classic literature. In 2020, the city was decorated using the motifs from Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker. In the year of 2021, the architects drew inspiration from Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale The Snow Queen as well as the animation classic The Snow Queen from the Soviet Union. The fairy tale replica city will feature the houses of Kai and Gerda, the palace of the snow queen, an ice rink, and illumination.[30][31]
In June 2023, during the Wagner Group rebellion, forces of the Wagner Group claimed to have taken control of military facilities in the city. Later they were confirmed to have taken the city itself.[32][33][34]
Administrative and municipal status
Voronezh is the
City divisions
The city is divided into six
- Zheleznodorozhny (183,17 km²)
- Tsentralny (63,96 km²)
- Kominternovsky (47,41 km²)
- Leninsky (18,53 km²)
- Sovetsky (156,6 km²)
- Levoberezhny (123,89 km²)
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1897 | 80,599 | — |
1926 | 118,191 | +46.6% |
1939 | 326,932 | +176.6% |
1959 | 447,164 | +36.8% |
1970 | 660,182 | +47.6% |
1979 | 782,950 | +18.6% |
1989 | 886,844 | +13.3% |
2002 | 848,752 | −4.3% |
2010 | 889,680 | +4.8% |
2021 | 1,057,681 | +18.9% |
Source: Census data |
At the time of the official 2021 Census, the ethnic makeup of the city's population whose ethnicity was known (960,357) was:[35]
Ethnicity | Population | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Russians | 918,247 | 95.6% |
Ukrainians | 4,806 | 0.5% |
Armenians | 4,416 | 0.5% |
Tajiks | 1,946 | 0.2% |
Uzbeks | 1,707 | 0.2% |
Azerbaijanis | 1,679 | 0.2% |
Turkmens | 1,383 | 0.1% |
Others | 26,173 | 2.7% |
Economy
The leading sectors of the urban economy in the 20th century were mechanical engineering, metalworking, the electronics industry and the food industry.
In the city are such companies as:
- Voronezh Aircraft Production Association (where, amongst other types, the Tupolev Tu-144 was built)
- Voronezhselmash (agricultural engineering)
- Sozvezdie[36] (headquarter, JSC Concern “Sozvezdie”, in 1958 the world's first created mobile telephony and wireless telephone Altai
- Verofarm (pharmaceutics, owner Abbott Laboratories),
- Voronezh Mechanical Plant[37] (production of missile and aircraft engines, oil and gas equipment)
- Mining Machinery Holding - RUDGORMASH[38] (production of drilling, mineral processing and mining equipment)
- VNiiPM Research Institute of Semiconductor Engineering[39] (equipment for plasma-chemical processes, technical-chemical equipment for liquid operations, water treatment equipment)
- KBKhA Chemical Automatics Design Bureau with notable products:.[40]
- Pirelli Voronezh.[41]
On the territory of the city district government Maslovka Voronezh region with the support of the Investment Fund of Russia, is implementing a project to create an industrial park, "Maslowski", to accommodate more than 100 new businesses, including the transformer factory of Siemens. On September 7, 2011 in Voronezh there opened a Global network operation center of Nokia Siemens Networks, which was the fifth in the world and the first in Russia.
Construction
In 2014, 926,000 square meters of housing was delivered.[42]
Clusters of Voronezh
In clusters of tax incentives and different preferences, the full support of the authorities. A cluster of Oil and Gas Equipment, Radio-electronic cluster, Furniture cluster, IT cluster, Cluster aircraft, Cluster Electromechanics, Transport and logistics cluster, Cluster building materials and technologies.[43]
Geography
Urban layout
Information about the original urban layout of Voronezh is contained in the "Patrol Book" of 1615. At that time, the city fortress was logged and located on the banks of the Voronezh River. In plan, it was an irregular quadrangle with a perimeter of about 238 meter. inside it, due to lack of space, there was no housing or siege yards, and even the cathedral church was supposed to be taken out. However, at this small fortress there was a large garrison - 666 households of service people. These courtyards were reliably protected by the second line of fortifications by a standing prison on taras with 25 towers covered with earth; behind the prison was a moat, and beyond the moat there were stakes. Voronezh was a typical military settlement (ostrog).[44] In the city prison there were only settlements of military men: Streletskaya, Kazachya, Belomestnaya atamanskaya, Zatinnaya and Pushkarskaya.[45] The posad population received the territory between the ostrog and the river, where the Monastyrskaya settlements (at the Assumption Monastery) was formed. Subsequently, the Yamnaya Sloboda was added to them, and on the other side of the fort, on the Chizhovka Mountain, the Chizhovskaya Sloboda of archers and Cossacks appeared. As a result, the Voronezh settlements surrounded the fortress in a ring. The location of the parish churches emphasized this ring-like and even distribution of settlements: the Ilyinsky Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda, the Pyatnitskaya Cossack and Pokrovskaya Belomestnaya were brought out to the passage towers of the prison. The Nikolskaya Church of the Streletskaya Sloboda was located near the marketplace (and, accordingly, the front facade of the fortress), and the paired ensemble of the Rozhdestvenskaya and Georgievskaya churches of the Cossack Sloboda marked the main street of the city, going from the Cossack Gate to the fortress tower.[46]
Climate
Voronezh experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with long, cold winters and short, warm summers.[47]
Climate data for Voronezh (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 8.3 (46.9) |
11.0 (51.8) |
22.7 (72.9) |
29.2 (84.6) |
35.7 (96.3) |
38.9 (102.0) |
40.1 (104.2) |
40.5 (104.9) |
34.4 (93.9) |
26.5 (79.7) |
18.2 (64.8) |
12.4 (54.3) |
40.5 (104.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.4 (25.9) |
−2.6 (27.3) |
3.6 (38.5) |
14.4 (57.9) |
21.7 (71.1) |
25.0 (77.0) |
27.2 (81.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
19.7 (67.5) |
11.5 (52.7) |
3.0 (37.4) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.0 (21.2) |
−5.7 (21.7) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.1 (70.0) |
19.9 (67.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
7.4 (45.3) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−4.3 (24.3) |
7.5 (45.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.5 (16.7) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
3.9 (39.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.6 (60.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−6.6 (20.1) |
3.5 (38.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | −36.5 (−33.7) |
−36.2 (−33.2) |
−32.0 (−25.6) |
−16.8 (1.8) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
5.0 (41.0) |
0.4 (32.7) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−15.2 (4.6) |
−25.1 (−13.2) |
−33.4 (−28.1) |
−36.5 (−33.7) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) |
39 (1.5) |
38 (1.5) |
41 (1.6) |
48 (1.9) |
61 (2.4) |
58 (2.3) |
52 (2.0) |
51 (2.0) |
51 (2.0) |
43 (1.7) |
48 (1.9) |
572 (22.5) |
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 16 (6.3) |
22 (8.7) |
16 (6.3) |
1 (0.4) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
2 (0.8) |
9 (3.5) |
22 (8.7) |
Average rainy days | 8 | 6 | 8 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 10 | 13 | 14 | 13 | 9 | 134 |
Average snowy days | 21 | 20 | 14 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 3 | 12 | 20 | 93 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
84 | 82 | 77 | 66 | 61 | 67 | 68 | 67 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 85 | 75 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 62 | 86 | 125 | 184 | 268 | 284 | 286 | 254 | 185 | 111 | 45 | 38 | 1,928 |
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[48] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)[49] |
Transportation
-
Voronezh railway station
-
Voronezh Bus Station
-
A Trolleybus in Voronezh
Air
The city is served by the
Rail
Since 1868, there is a railway connection between Voronezh and Moscow.[50] Rail services form a part of the South Eastern Railway of the Russian Railways. Destinations served direct from Voronezh include Moscow, Kyiv, Kursk, Novorossiysk, Sochi, and Tambov. The main train station is called Voronezh-1 railway station and is located in the center of the city.
Bus
There are three bus stations in Voronezh that connect the city with destinations including Moscow, Belgorod, Lipetsk, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, and Astrakhan.
Education and culture
The city has seven theaters, twelve museums, a number of movie theaters, a philharmonic hall, and a circus. It is also a major center of higher education in central Russia. The main educational facilities include:
- Voronezh State University
- Voronezh State Technical University
- Voronezh State University of Architecture and Construction
- Voronezh State Pedagogical University
- Voronezh State Agricultural University
- Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies
- Voronezh State Medical University named after N. N. Burdenko
- Voronezh State Academy of Arts
- Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov
- Voronezh State Institute of Physical Training
- Voronezh Institute of Russia's Home Affairs Ministry
- Voronezh Institute of High Technologies
- Military Educational and Scientific Center of the Air Force «N.E. Zhukovsky and Y.A. Gagarin Air Force Academy» (Voronezh)
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (Voronezh branch)
- Russian State University of Justice[51]
- Admiral Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (Voronezh branch)
- International Institute of Computer Technologies
- Voronezh Institute of Economics and Law
and a number of other affiliate and private-funded institutes and universities. There are 2000 schools within the city.
Theaters
- Voronezh Chamber Theatre[52]
- Koltsov Academic Drama Theater[53]
- Voronezh State Opera and Ballet Theatre[54]
- Shut Puppet Theater[55]
Festivals
Platonov International Arts Festival[56]
Sports
Club | Sport | Founded | Current League | League Rank |
Stadium |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fakel Voronezh | Football | 1947 | Russian Premier League | 1st | Tsentralnyi Profsoyuz Stadion |
Energy Voronezh | Football | 1989 | Women's Premier League | 1st | Rudgormash Stadium |
Buran Voronezh | Ice Hockey
|
1977 | Higher Hockey League
|
2nd | Yubileyny Sports Palace |
VC Voronezh | Volleyball | 2006 | Women's Higher Volleyball League A | 2nd | Kristall Sports Complex |
Religion
Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Voronezh.[citation needed] There is an Orthodox Jewish community in Voronezh, with a synagogue located on Stankevicha Street.[57][58]
In 1682, the Voronezh diocese was formed to fight the schismatics. Its first head was Bishop
In the 1990s, many Orthodox churches were returned to the diocese. Their restoration was continued. In 2009, instead of the lost one, a new Annunciation Cathedral was built with a monument to St. Mitrofan erected next to it.
Cemeteries
There are ten cemeteries in Voronezh:
- Levoberezhnoye Cemetery
- Lesnoye Cemetery
- Jewish Cemetery
- Nikolskoye Cemetery
- Pravoberezhnoye Cemetery
- Budyonnovskoe Cemetery
- Yugo-Zapadnoye Cemetery
- Podgorenskоye Cemetery
- Kominternovskoe Cemetery
Ternovoye Cemetery is а historical site closed to the public.
Notable people
Sister cities
Source:[59]
Date | Sister City | |
---|---|---|
1989 | Wesermarsch, Lower Saxony, Germany | |
1991 | Charlotte, North Carolina, United States | |
1992 | Chongqing, China | |
1995 | Sliven, Bulgaria | |
1996 | León, Castile and León, Spain[60] |
See also
References
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g Law #87-OZ
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- ^ a b c Law #66-OZ
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- ^ Russiæ, vulgo Moscovia, pars australis in Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, sive Atlas Novus in quo Tabulæ et Descriptiones Omnium Regionum, Editæ a Guiljel et Ioanne Blaeu, 1645.
- Azrieli Foundation, 2009), pp. 45ff., "The Suvorov Military School".
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- ^ Интерактивная карта подготовки к 425-летию основания Воронежа (рус.). Сайт администрации города Воронеж (31.08.11). Проверено 24 января 2011
- ^ "В Воронеже родился миллионный житель". РБК. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
- ^ ПОДЪЯБЛОНСКАЯ, Татьяна (October 5, 2020). "Дворец, лабиринт и сани: главную площадь Воронежа в Новый год украсят в стиле "Снежной королевы"". vrn.kp.ru. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved December 16, 2020.
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- Ukraine Today. June 24, 2023. Retrieved June 24, 2023.
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- ^ "Воронежский государственный театр оперы и балета – официальный сайт". Theatre-vrn.ru. Archived from the original on July 24, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
- ^ ".:. Òåàòð Êóêîë - "ØÓÒ" .:". Puppet-shut.ru. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
- ^ "Фестиваль". Platonovfest.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 22, 2015.
- ^ "В Воронеже открыли одну из крупнейших синагог России". Rg.ru. October 20, 2014. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
- ^ "The Jewish Community of Voronezh". evrei-vrn.ru. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2016.
- ^ Рациональная маршрутная сеть. "Воронеж: официальный сайт администрации городского округа". Voronezh-city.ru. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
- ^ "Ciudades y pueblos se benefician del hermanamiento con otros territorios". Larazon.es. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved September 16, 2011.
Sources
- Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №87-ОЗ от 27 октября 2006 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №41-ОЗ от 13 апреля 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Воронежской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Воронежской области и порядке его изменения"». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Молодой коммунар", №123, 3 ноября 2006 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #87-OZ of October 27, 2006 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It, as amended by the Law #41-OZ of April 13, 2015 On Amending the Law of Voronezh Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Voronezh Oblast and on the Procedures of Changing It". Effective as of after 10 days from the day of the official publication.).
- Воронежская областная Дума. Закон №66-ОЗ от 31 октября 2005 г. «О наделении муниципального образования город Воронеж статусом городского округа». Вступил в силу по истечении 10 дней со дня официального опубликования (18 ноября 2005 г.). Опубликован: "Коммуна", №171, 8 ноября 2005 г. (Voronezh Oblast Duma. Law #66-OZ of October 31, 2005 On Granting Urban Okrug Status to the Municipal Formation of the City of Voronezh. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the official publication date (November 18, 2005).).
Further reading and cultural references
- Charlotte Hobson's book, Black Earth City, is an account of life in Voronezh at the time of the fall of the Soviet Union based on her experiences after spending a year in Voronezh as a foreign student in 1991–1992.
- Stalinistrule.
- Alan Sillitoe, the English writer, published a collection of poems entitled Love in the Environs of Voronezh and Other Poems in 1968.
- In the song Red Army Blues by the Waterboys, on the album A Pagan Place, there is a line "Took the train to Voronezh, that was as far as it would go."
External links
- Voronezh travel guide from Wikivoyage
- Official website of Voronezh
- Official website of Voronezh (in Russian)
- Unofficial website of Voronezh (in Russian)
- Voronezh State University
- Panoramic views of Voronezh