Wireless telegraphy
Wireless telegraphy or radiotelegraphy is transmission of text messages by
Radiotelegraphy was the first means of radio communication. The first practical radio
Radiotelegraphy was used for long-distance person-to-person commercial, diplomatic, and military text communication throughout the first half of the 20th century.
Principles
Wireless telegraphy or radiotelegraphy, commonly called CW (
In manual radiotelegraphy the sending operator manipulates a switch called a telegraph key, which turns the radio transmitter on and off, producing pulses of unmodulated carrier wave of different lengths called "dots" and "dashes", which encode characters of text in Morse code.[14] At the receiving location, Morse code is audible in the receiver's earphone or speaker as a sequence of buzzes or beeps, which is translated back to text by an operator who knows Morse code. With automatic radiotelegraphy teleprinters at both ends use a code such as the International Telegraph Alphabet No. 2 and produced typed text.
Radiotelegraphy is obsolete in commercial radio communication, and its last civilian use, requiring maritime shipping radio operators to use Morse code for emergency communications, ended in 1999 when the
Radiotelegraphy is popular amongst
History
Efforts to find a way to transmit telegraph signals without wires grew out of the success of
By the 1860s, the telegraph was the standard way to send most urgent commercial, diplomatic and military messages, and industrial nations had built continent-wide telegraph networks, with
The successful solution to this problem was the discovery of radio waves in 1887, and the development of practical radiotelegraphy transmitters and receivers by about 1899.[26]
Over several years starting in 1894, the Italian inventor
With this development, wireless telegraphy came to mean radiotelegraphy,
Methods
The primitive
After 1905 new types of radiotelegraph transmitters were invented which transmitted code using a new modulation method: continuous wave (CW)[35] (designated by the International Telecommunication Union as emission type A1A).[36] As long as the telegraph key was pressed, the transmitter produced a continuous sinusoidal wave of constant amplitude.[35] Since all the radio wave's energy was concentrated at a single frequency, CW transmitters could transmit further with a given power, and also caused virtually no interference to transmissions on adjacent frequencies. The first transmitters able to produce continuous wave were the arc converter (Poulsen arc) transmitter, invented by Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen in 1903,[37] and the Alexanderson alternator, invented 1906–1912 by Reginald Fessenden and Ernst Alexanderson.[38] These slowly replaced the spark transmitters in high power radiotelegraphy stations.
However, the radio receivers used for damped wave could not receive continuous wave. Because the CW signal produced while the key was pressed was just an unmodulated carrier wave, it made no sound in a receiver's earphones.[39] To receive a CW signal, some way had to be found to make the Morse code carrier wave pulses audible in a receiver.
This problem was solved by Reginald Fessenden in 1901. In his "heterodyne" receiver, the incoming radiotelegraph signal is mixed in the receiver's detector crystal or vacuum tube with a constant sine wave generated by an electronic oscillator in the receiver called a beat frequency oscillator (BFO). The frequency of the oscillator is offset from the radio transmitter's frequency . In the detector the two frequencies subtract, and a
The BFO was rare until the invention in 1913 of the first practical electronic oscillator, the vacuum tube feedback
Continuous-wave vacuum tube transmitters replaced the other types of transmitter with the availability of power tubes after World War I because they were cheap. CW became the standard method of transmitting radiotelegraphy by the 20s, damped wave spark transmitters were banned by 1930[10] and CW continues to be used today. Even today most communications receivers produced for use in shortwave communication stations have BFOs.[42]
Industry
The International Radiotelegraph Union was unofficially established at the
Today, due to more modern text transmission methods, Morse code radiotelegraphy for commercial use has become obsolete. On shipboard, the computer and satellite-linked
Regulation
Continuous wave (CW) radiotelegraphy is regulated by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as emission type A1A.[36]
The US Federal Communications Commission issues a lifetime commercial Radiotelegraph Operator License. This requires passing a simple written test on regulations, a more complex written exam on technology, and demonstrating Morse reception at 20 words per minute plain language and 16 wpm code groups. (Credit is given for amateur extra class licenses earned under the old 20 wpm requirement.)[51]
Gallery
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Guglielmo Marconi, generally credited as first to develop practical radio-based wireless telegraphy communication, in 1901 with one of his first transmitters (right) and receivers (left)
-
German troops erecting a wireless field telegraph station during World War I
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German officers and troops manning a wireless field telegraph station during World War I
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Mobile radio station in German South West Africa, using a hydrogen balloon to lift the antenna
See also
- AT&T Corporation originally American Telephone and Telegraph Company
- Electrical telegraph
- Imperial Wireless Chain
- Radioteletype
References and notes
General
- American Institute of Electrical Engineers. (1908). "Wireless Telephony – By R. A. Fessenden (Illustrated.)", Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. New York: American Institute of Electrical Engineers.
Citations
- ^ Hawkins, Nehemiah (1910). Hawkins' Electrical Dictionary: A cyclopedia of words, terms, phrases and data used in the electric arts, trades and sciences. Theodore Audel and Co. p. 498.
- ISBN 0877798095.
wireless telegraphy.
- ^ Maver, William Jr. (1903). American Telegraphy and Encyclopedia of the Telegraph: Systems, Apparatus, Operation. New York: Maver Publishing Co. p. 333.
wireless telegraphy.
- ^ Steuart, William Mott; et al. (1906). Special Reports: Telephones and Telegraphs 1902. Washington D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census. pp. 118–119.
- S2CID 6928472.
- ^ Spencer, Luke (2015-06-02). "Technology You Didn't Know Still Existed: The Telegram". Atlas Obscura. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ "Zimmermann Telegram | Facts, Text, & Outcome | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-05-17.
- ^ a b "Maritime Morse Is Tapped Out". Wired website. 6 July 1998. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Individual nations enforce this prohibition in their communication laws. In the United States, this is the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) regulations: "Section 2.201: Emission, modulation, and transmission characteristics, footnote (f)". Code of Federal Regulations, Title 47, Chapter I, Subchapter A, Part 2, Subpart C. US Government Publishing Office website. 1 October 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2018.
- ^ a b c Schroeder, Peter B. (1967). Contact at Sea: A History of Maritime Radio Communications. The Gregg Press. pp. 26–30.
- ^ Howeth, L. S. (1963). The History of Communications - Electronics in the U.S. Navy. U.S. Navy. p. 509.
- ISBN 9788122413397.
- ISBN 9780750626323.
- ]
- ^ Maxey, Kyle (17 July 2017). "Why the Navy Sees Morse Code as the Future of Communication". Engineering. com website. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ^ Morse code training in the Air Force
- ^ Coast Station KSM
- ^ Wells, Michael (27 March 2021). "Club Log activity report – 2021 update | G7VJR's Blog". Retrieved 2021-05-08.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "ARRL Letter, FT8 Accounts for Nearly Two-Thirds of HF Activity". www.arrl.org. 2021-04-01. Retrieved 2021-05-08.
- ^ a b c "CEPT Radio Amateur Licence Recommendation T/R 61-01" (PDF). 2020-10-23.
- ^ "Amateur Station Licence Guidelines". 2018-04-16. pp. 17, 32.
- ^ "Условия использования выделенных полос радиочастот" (PDF). General Radio Frequency Centre (in Russian). 2015-10-16.
- ^ "1830s – 1860s: Telegraph | Imagining the Internet | Elon University". www.elon.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ Laboratory, National High Magnetic Field. "Morse Telegraph – 1844 - Magnet Academy". nationalmaglab.org. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ "History of the Atlantic Cable & Submarine Telegraphy - Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 1858 Cable News". atlantic-cable.com. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ^ Edwards, Steven A. (2012-10-12). "Heinrich Hertz and electromagnetic radiation". American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved 2024-05-22.
- ISBN 978-0-313-34743-6.
- ISBN 978-0-684-02094-5.
- ISBN 9780313347436. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- OCLC 655205099.
- ^ "Marconi at Mizen Head Visitor Centre Ireland Visitor Attractions". Mizenhead.net. Retrieved 2012-04-15.
- ^ earlyradiohistory.us, United States Early Radio History, Thomas H. White, section 22, Word Origins-Radio
- ^ "Spark Transmitter Basics". home.freeuk.net. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ISBN 978-0-470-85931-5.
- ^ a b "continuous wave". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ a b ID, FCC. "Emissions Designator A1A". FCCID.io. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ Poulsen, Valdemar (1905). "System for producing continuous electric oscillations". Transactions of the International Electrical Congress, St. Louis, 1904. Vol. 2. J.B. Lyon Company. pp. 963–971.
- ^ "Milestones:Alexanderson Radio Alternator, 1904". IEEE Global History Network. 2015-12-31. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- University of Texas. Archived from the originalon 2008-04-14.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-9741994-1-2.
- ^ "Superheterodyne reception | Radio waves, Frequency, Amplification | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ Lu, Emma (2022-02-25). "Beat Frequency Oscillator- Principle and Applications". Circuit Board Fabrication and PCB Assembly Turnkey Services - WellPCB. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ ICAO and the International Telecommunication Union Archived 2018-11-06 at the Wayback Machine – ICAO official website
- ^ "13. Radio During World War One (1914-1919)". earlyradiohistory.us. Retrieved 2024-05-21.
- ^ "Broadcasting | Definition, History, Types, Systems, Examples, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-05-15. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "Typing in Airplane Received by Radio" (PDF). The New York Times. 1922-08-10.
- ^ "BT Museum Memorial Pages - Telegraphy 2". www.samhallas.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
- ^ "Requirements for Telex and Gentex operation to be met by synchronous multiplex equipment described in recommendation R.44". International Telecommunication Union. 1968.
- ^ "Radiocommunications". International Maritime Organization.
- ^ "Introduction/History". International Maritime Organization.
- ^ Title 47 –Telecommunication Chapter I – Federal Communications Commission Subchapter A – General Part 13 – Commercial Radio Operators
Further reading
- Sarkar, T. K.; Mailloux, Robert; Oliner, Arthur A.; Salazar-Palma, M.; Sengupta, Dipak L. (2006-01-30). History of Wireless. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-78301-5.
- Aitken, Hugo G. J. (1976). Syntony and spark: the origins of radio. Science, culture and society. New York London Sydney Toronto: J. Wiley and sons. ISBN 0471018163.
- Sivowitch, Elliot N. (December 1970). "A technological survey of broadcasting's "pre-history," 1876–1920". Journal of Broadcasting. 15 (1): 1–20. ISSN 0021-938X.
- "Wireless telegraphy". The New International Encyclopædia. Dodd, Mead. 1922. p. 637.
- Chisholm, Hugh (1911). The Encyclopædia Britannica: Submarine Mines-Tom-tom. At the University Press.
- Stanley, Rupert (1919). Textebook on wireless telegraphy. Longmans, Green.
- Miessner, Benjamin Franklin (1916). Radiodynamics, the wireless control of torpedoes and other mechanisms. University of California Libraries. New York, D. Van Nostrand company.
- Thompson, Silvanus P. (Silvanus Phillips) (1915). Elementary lessons in electricity and magnetism. University of Michigan. New York : Macmillan.
- Ashley, Charles Grinnell; Hayward, Charles Brian (1912). Wireless Telegraphy and Wireless Telephony: An Understandable Presentation of the Science of Wireless Transmission of Intelligence. American School of Correspondence.
- Massie, Walter Wentworth; Underhill, Charles Reginald (1908). Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony Popularly Explained. D. Van Nostrand Company.
- "Developments in wireless telegraphy". International Marine Engineering. Simmons-Boardman Publishing Company. 1911.
- Bottone, Selimo Romeo (1910). Wireless telegraphy and Hertzian waves. London, New York, Whittaker & co.
- Murray, James Erskine (1907). A handbook of wireless telegraphy;. University of Wisconsin - Madison. New York, D. Van Nostrand company; [etc.]
- Twining, Harry La Verne (1909). Wireless Telegraphy and High Frequency Electricity: A Manual Containing Detailed Information for the Construction of Transformers, Wireless Telegraph and High Frequency Apparatus, with Chapters on Their Theory and Operation.
- Poincaré, Lucien (28 February 2005) [1909]. "Chapter VII: A Chapter in the History of Science: Wireless telegraphy". The New Physics and Its Evolution. New York.
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- Fleming, John Ambrose (1908). The principles of electric wave telegraphy. University of California. London, New York and Bombay, Longmans, Green, and Co.
- Simmons, Harold H. (1909). "Wireless telegraphy". Outlines of electrical engineering. University of Michigan. London ; New York : Cassell and Co.
- Murray, James Erskine (1907). A handbook of wireless telegraphy;. University of Michigan. New York, D. Van Nostrand company; [etc.]
- Domenico Mazzotto (1906). Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony. University of Michigan. Whittaker & Co.
- Collins, A. Frederick (Archie Frederick) (1905). Wireless telegraphy; its history, theory and practice. University of Michigan. New York, McGraw publishing company.
- Charles Henry Sewall (1903). Wireless Telegraphy: Its Origins, Development, Inventions, and Apparatus. University of California. D. Van Nostrand Co.
- Trevert, Edward (1904). ... The A B C of Wireless Telegraphy: A Plain Treatise on Hertzian Wave Signaling; Embracing Theory, Methods of Operation, and how to Build Various Pieces of the Apparatus Employed. Bubier publishing Company.
- John Joseph Fahie (1900). A History of Wireless Telegraphy, 1838-1899: Including Some Bare-wire Proposals for Subaqueous Telegraphs. University of Michigan. Dodd, Mead & co.
- "Telegraphing across space, Electric wave method". The Electrical Engineer. Biggs & Company. 1898.
- "Radio telephony". Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. American Institute of Electrical Engineers. 1919. p. 306.
External links
- John Joseph Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy, 1838–1899: including some bare-wire proposals for subaqueous telegraphs:
- Alfred Thomas Story, The Story of Wireless Telegraphy {1904}
- Sparks Telegraph Key Review
- Cyril M. Jansky, Principles of Radiotelegraphy (1919)
- Principles of Radiotelegraphy (1919)