Šubula
Šubula | |
---|---|
Underworld god | |
Major cult center | Ṣupur-Šubula |
Personal information | |
Spouse | Tadmuštum |
Equivalents | |
Amorite equivalent | Ġalamu |
Šubula (Shubula) was a
Character
Šubula was a minor god.
Associations with other deities
Many researchers assume that Šubula was Nergal's son. Among the supporters of this interpretation are Andrew R. George,[8] Frans Wiggermann[2] and Julia Krul.[9] It has been argued that such a connection could be a reflection of the location of his cult center, Ṣupur-Šubula, in the proximity of Nergal's city, Kutha.[10] However, as noted by Jeremiah Peterson, it is unclear if the god list An = Anum, usually used to support this theory, recognizes him as Nergal's son, as the corresponding section contains a lacuna.[2] Another possible restoration would instead make him the son of Ishum.[2] Those two gods appear together very commonly in known sources, but the nature of the connection between them is not certain.[6] In one text, Ishum and Šubula are called the "gods of Tigris and Euphrates."[6]
According to the god list An = Anum, Šubula's wife was Tadmuštum, who was also an underworld deity.[11]
In a
Worship
In the Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Piotr Michalowski describes Šubula as "known only from Ur III and early Isin sources",[3] but more recent publications show that he is also attested in documents from later periods.[15] He was still worshiped under the rule of the Seleucid Empire in the late first millennium BCE.[9]
The village Ṣupur-Šubula, located near Kutha, was a cult center of Šubula, and a
In Seleucid Uruk, Šubula was worshiped during the akītu festival alongside Nergal.[9] However, he is absent from legal texts and no theophoric names invoke him.[21] There is also no evidence that he was worshiped there in the neo-Babylonian period.[21] Julia Krul proposes that he was only introduced to the pantheon of the city late and entirely due to his connection with Nergal, similar to Ishum and the Sebitti.[22]
Šubula is attested as a family deity in
Outside Mesopotamia
Theophoric names attested in administrative documents indicate Šubula was also worshiped in Susa in Elam in the Old Babylonian period.[25] One known example of an Elamite theophoric name invoking him is Kuk-Šubula.[26] Ran Zadok proposes that like many other Mesopotamian deities worshiped in this city, he might have been introduced there from the "trans-Tigridian" or Sealand regions of Mesopotamia.[25]
References
- ^ a b Toorn 1996, p. 80.
- ^ a b c d e f Peterson 2009, p. 54.
- ^ a b c d Michalowski 2013, p. 241.
- ^ Simons 2016, p. 9.
- ^ Bartelmus 2017, p. 303.
- ^ a b c Edzard 1980, p. 213.
- ^ Peterson 2009, p. 14.
- ^ a b George 1993, p. 37.
- ^ a b c Krul 2018, p. 67.
- ^ a b c Toorn 1996, p. 38.
- ^ Krebernik 2013, p. 398.
- ^ George & Krebernik 2022, p. 114.
- ^ a b George & Krebernik 2022, p. 119.
- ^ George & Krebernik 2022, p. 139.
- ^ a b Bartelmus 2017, p. 311.
- ^ Toorn 1996, pp. 37–38.
- ^ Toorn 1996, p. 40.
- ^ a b Leemans 1983, p. 417.
- ^ George 1993, p. 170.
- ^ Földi 2021, p. 49.
- ^ a b Krul 2018, p. 72.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 75.
- ^ Veenhof 2018, p. 53.
- ^ Frayne 1990, p. 7.
- ^ a b Zadok 2018, p. 155.
- ^ Tavernier 2014, p. 62.
Bibliography
- Bartelmus, Alexa (2017). "Die Götter der Kassitenzeit. Eine Analyse ihres Vorkommens in zeitgenössischen Textquellen". Karduniaš. Babylonia under the Kassites. De Gruyter. pp. 245–312. ISBN 9781501503566.
- Edzard, Dietz-Otto (1980), "Išum", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-05-20
- Földi, Zsombor J. (2021). "The Lost Seal of a Tax Collector". In Baragli, Beatrice (ed.). Distant Worlds and Beyond: Special Issue Dedicated to the Graduate School Distant Worlds. Vol. 3. Heidelberg: Propylaeum. pp. 47–59. ISBN 978-3-96929-066-8. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Frayne, Douglas (1990). Old Babylonian Period (2003-1595 BC). Early periods. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-5873-7. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- George, Andrew R. (1993). House most high: the temples of ancient Mesopotamia. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. OCLC 27813103.
- George, Andrew; Krebernik, Manfred (2022). "Two Remarkable Vocabularies: Amorite-Akkadian Bilinguals!". Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 116 (1). CAIRN: 113–166. S2CID 255918382.
- Krebernik, Manfred (2013), "Tadmuštum", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-05-20
- Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. BRILL. ISBN 9789004364936.
- Leemans, Wilhelmus François (1983), "Lagaba", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-05-20
- Michalowski, Piotr (2013), "Šubula", Reallexikon der Assyriologie, retrieved 2022-05-20
- Peterson, Jeremiah (2009). God lists from Old Babylonian Nippur in the University Museum, Philadelphia. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. OCLC 460044951.
- Simons, Frank (2016). "The God Alammuš dLÀL /d.mùšLÀL". Nouvelles Assyriologiques Brèves et Utilitaires (1).
- Tavernier, Jan (2014). "What's in a name: Hallušu, Hallutaš or Hallutuš". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale. 108. Presses Universitaires de France: 61–66. JSTOR 44646360. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- ISBN 978-90-04-10410-5. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Veenhof, Klaas R. (2018). "The Family God in Old Babylonian and Especially in Old Assyrian Sources". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'Archéologie Orientale (112): 49–90. ISSN 0373-6032. Retrieved 2022-05-20.
- Zadok, Ran (2018). "The Peoples of Elam". The Elamite world. Abingdon, Oxon. OCLC 1022561448.)
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