Aboriginal Protection Board

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Not to be confused with New South Wales Aborigines Protection Association.

Aboriginal Protection Board, also known as Aborigines Protection Board, Board for the Protection of Aborigines, Aborigines Welfare Board (and in later sources, incorrectly as Aboriginal Welfare Board), and similar names, refers to a number of historical

half-caste acts where these existed and had a key role in the Stolen Generations
. The boards had nearly ultimate control over Aboriginal people's lives.

Protectors of Aborigines
were appointed by the Board under the conditions laid down in the various Acts. In theory, protectors of Aborigines were often empowered to undertake legal proceedings on behalf of Aboriginal people, dictate where Aboriginal people could live or work, and keep all wages earned by employed Aboriginals. The exact powers varied over time and by jurisdiction.

As the boards had limited funds, protectors received very limited remuneration. A range of people were appointed as local protectors, including resident magistrates, jail wardens, justices of the peace and, in some cases ministers of religion, though most were local police inspectors. The minutes of the boards show they mostly dealt with matters of requests from religious bodies for financial relief and reports from resident or police magistrates pertaining to trials and convictions of Aboriginal people under their jurisdiction.

Aboriginal protection boards also issued permits to allow Aboriginal people the right to leave their respective

missions and reserves
and enter the mainstream society for a set period of time.

History

Victoria

The Central Board Appointed to Watch Over the Interests of the Aborigines was established in 1860. This was replaced by the Victorian Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines in 1869 (via the Aboriginal Protection Act 1869),[1][2] making Victoria the first colony to enact comprehensive regulations on the lives of Aboriginal Victorians. The board exerted an extraordinary level of control over people's lives including regulation of residence, slavery as employment, marriage, social life and other aspects of daily life.

The Victorian Half-Caste Act of 1886 gave the Board extensive new powers over the lives of Aboriginal people, including regulation of residence, employment and marriage.[3]

In particular, the 1886 Act started to remove Aboriginal people of mixed descent, known as "half-castes", from Aboriginal stations or reserves to force them to assimilate into European society. These expulsions separated families and communities, causing distress and leading to protest. Nevertheless, the board refused to assist the expelled people. It was assumed that the expulsions would lead to the decline in the population of the reserves and their eventual closure.

The Aborigines Act 1910 increased the rights of Aboriginal people in Victoria.[4]

The board was abolished in 1957 by the Aborigines Act 1957.[5]

The Aboriginal Lands Act 1970 gave recognition of Aboriginal people's right to land. Under this Act the deeds of land at the Lake Tyers Mission and Framlingham reserves were transferred to the communities.[6]

New South Wales

Further information: Aboriginal Affairs NSW § Early administrative period

The New South Wales Board for the Protection of Aborigines was established in 1883 and was reconstituted under the

Kinchela Boys Home and Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls. Aboriginal children were removed from their homes for various welfare reasons and transported to Kinchela and Cootamundra, where they were often abused and neglected while being taught farm labouring and domestic work, many of them ending up as servants in the homes of wealthy Sydney residents.[citation needed
]

In 1915, the Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915[7] gave the Board authority to remove Aboriginal children "without having to establish in court that they were neglected."[8][9]

The Board was renamed the Aborigines Welfare Board (which was frequently referred to as the Aboriginal Welfare Board in later sources

Aboriginal culture would evaporate, and Aboriginal people would eventually become indistinguishable from Europeans. The Board consisted of 11 members, including two Aboriginal people, one "full-blood" and one having "a mixture of Aboriginal blood". It was abolished under the Aborigines Act 1969 (NSW).[12]

After its abolition, the NSW Aboriginal Advisory Council was formed, which advised the NSW Minister for Aboriginal Affairs directly.[10]

Western Australia

The

statutory authority. It was created by the Aborigines Protection Act, 1886 (WA), also known as the Half-Caste Act, described as An Act to provide for the better protection and management of the Aboriginal Natives of Western Australia, and to amend the Law relating to certain Contracts with such Aboriginal Natives (statute 25/1886), and The Aborigines Act, 1889 (statute 24/1889).[13][14]

The 1886 act was enacted following the furore over the Fairburn Report (which revealed

traditional owners
to continue hunting on their tribal lands.

The effect of the act was to give increasing power to the board over Aboriginal people, rather than setting up a system to punish whites for wrongdoing in relation to Aboriginal people. An Aboriginal Department was set up, under the office of the Chief Protector of Aborigines. Nearly half of the Legislative Council voted to amend the act for contract labour as low as age 10 but it was defeated. McKenzie Grant, the member for The North, claimed that child labour of age six or seven was a necessary commonplace, as "in this way they gradually become domesticated". The attorney general Septimus Burt, in debate on the 2nd reading speech, claimed that contracts were being issued, not for current work, but to hold Aboriginal people as slaves on stations for potential future work, and so prevent them from being free to leave.

In 1898, the board was replaced by the Aborigines Department.

Queensland

The Queensland Aboriginal Protection Board was established by the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897.[citation needed]

South Australia

The

Constance Cooke.[15]

Decline

By the late 1960s, all states and territories had repealed the legislation allowing for the removal of Aboriginal children under the policy of 'protection'.

See also

  • Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
  • Aboriginal reserves
  • Bringing them home
     report (1997)
  • Indian Department

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-74114-569-4
    .
  2. ^ O'Neill, Cate (28 October 2011). "Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines - Organisation". Find & Connect - Victoria/Public Record Office Victoria/National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  3. Museum of Australian Democracy
    . Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  4. Museum of Australian Democracy
    . Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  5. ^ Project, Find & Connect (15 September 2009). "Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines - Organisation - Victoria". Find & Connect. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  6. Museum of Australian Democracy
    . Retrieved 11 February 2020.
  7. ^ New South Wales. Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 No 2, retrieved 29 June 2021
  8. ^ "Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 (1915 - 1969)". Find and Connect. 1 February 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  9. ^ "National Museum of Australia - Aborigines Protection Act". National Museum of Australia. Archived from the original on 13 November 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  10. ^ a b "Vale Uncle Lyall Munro Senior". Aboriginal Affairs. 17 July 2020. Archived from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  11. ^ "Aborigines Protection (Amendment) Act 1940 No 12". classic.austlii.edu.au. Retrieved 29 June 2021.
  12. NSW Dept of Aboriginal Affairs. 25 August 2009. Archived from the original
    on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
  13. ^ Aboriginal Protection Board Archived 10 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine at the State Records Office of Western Australia, accessed 20 March 2008
  14. ^ For records relating to the WA Aboriginal Protection Board see the WA States Records Office accessed 20 March 2008 Archived 29 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Aborigines Protection Board". SA History Hub. Retrieved 5 July 2019.

Further reading

NSW

South Australia

Victoria

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