Abram Ioffe
Abram Ioffe | |
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State Institute of Roentgenology and Radiology; Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute[1] | |
| Doctoral advisor | Wilhelm Röntgen |
| Doctoral students | Nikolay Semyonov Pyotr Lukirsky Pyotr Kapitsa |
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Abram Fedorovichradioactivity, superconductivity, and nuclear physics, many of which became independent institutes.
Biography
Ioffe was born into a middle-class
Munich University
in 1905. His dissertation studied the electrical conductivity/electrical stress of dielectric crystals.
After 1906, Ioffe worked in the
Polytechnical Institute where he eventually became a professor. In 1911 he (independently of Millikan) determined the charge of an electron. In this experiment, the microparticles of zinc metal were irradiated with ultraviolet light to eject the electrons. The charged microparticles were then balanced in an electric field against gravity so that their charges could be determined (published in 1913).[2][3] In 1911 Ioffe converted from Judaism to Lutheranism and married a non-Jewish woman.[4] In 1913 he attained the title of Magister of Philosophy[5]
and in 1915 Doctor of Physics. In 1918 he became head of Physics and Technology division in State Institute of Roentgenology and Radiology. This division became the Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute (LPTI) in 1917 and eventually the Ioffe Institute.
In the early 1930s, there was a critical need in the Air Defense Forces of the Red Army for means of detecting invading aircraft. A number of research institutes were involved with radiolokatory (radio-location) techniques. The Russian Academy of Sciences called a conference in January 1934 to assess this technology. Ioffe organized this conference, then published a journal report, disclosing to researchers throughout the world the science and technology that would ultimately be called radar.[6]
When the
Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute
and is one of Russia's leading research centers.
Ioffe's students include
Léon Theremin, Boris Davydov, and Lev Artsimovich. Ioffe asked Ernest Rutherford to accept Pyotr Kapitsa to Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge
.
Commemoration
- The lunar crater Ioffe is named after him.
- Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute carries his name.
- The Russian oceanographic and Polar research vessel Akademik Ioffe is named after him.
- The asteroid 5222 Ioffe is named after him.
Patents
- U.S. patent 1,807,292 "Translating device"
- U.S. Patent on the piezoelectric effect
References
- ^ Also transliterated Fyodorovich.
- ^ a b c d e f g Абрам Федорович Иоффе. Great Soviet Encyclopedia
- .
- S2CID 22681030
- ^ Abram Ioffe article in Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia (in Russian)
- Léon Theremin. "Termens Kindheit" (in German). Archived from the originalon 2009-05-11. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
Am 9. Mai 1913 fand die Verteidigung der Dissertation statt. ... Namens der Jury traten die Professoren Bergman und Chwolson auf, welche der Arbeit Joffes eine äußerst positive Bewertung ausstellten und meinten, dass sie vollauf des Magistergrades würdig sei.
- ^ Ioffe, A. F.; "Contemporary problems of the development of the technology of air defense," Sbornik PVO, February 1934 (in Russian)
External links
- A. Joffe, Physics and Technology
- Annotated bibliography for Abram Ioffe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
- Short biography by the Russian Ioffe institute Archived 2019-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
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