Action Saybusch

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Aktion Saybusch, 24 September 1940. Expelled Poles await transport at a railway crossing (in this photo, some members of the 129 families deported from the village of Dolna Sól).[1]

Action Saybusch (

Third Reich in 1939.[3]

The Action was part of the Adolf Hitler's plan known as

Bruno Müller from RKF.[4][5]

Aktion Saybusch lasted from September to December 1940, with some 3,200

SS-Obergruppenführer Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, who was also responsible for instigating them.[1][5]

Course of the expulsions

Women awaiting transport during Action Saybusch, 24 September 1940
Main article: Heim ins Reich

In December 1939, the German police conducted a population census in the region. Over 99 percent of the locals declared Polish nationality, much more than in the proper Silesia to the immediate west. Analysis of the census figures set the stage for the mass deportations across

Bogumin and Cieszyn. The Poles were subjected to selection, and separated into those "racially valuable" (for preferential treatment) and the rest, including women and children. Groups of young men were gathered for slave labor in Germany. According to German law all captives were to be supplied with necessities for 14 days; however, in practice they were stripped of the remnants of their own belongings in the process of luggage and body searches.[1][10]

Polish families carrying allowable possessions board deportation train

The assembly points at railway stations held each time about 1,000 Polish people; who were split into groups of 40 in line with already numbered rail cars. Each transport was usually sent separately, first to a railway junction in

Lublin Reservation organized since October 1939), where they were dropped off alone without any help. Moreover, the Germans had warned the local population that the arriving deportees were criminals, thus further worsening their plight. They were met with fear and only reluctant acceptance at their destinations. Many died during transport. Others were forced to beg. The whole displacement action was conducted by the Polizei-Battalion No. 82 (under Kegel) and Battalion No. 83 (under Eugen Seim, stationed in Jeleśnia) with approximately 500 soldiers as well as numerous SS, RKF and NSDAP functionaries including Katowice Gestapo officers.[1][5]

See also: Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany and Polenlager

The settlers

Abandoned Polish houses were cleaned and washed by forced laborers, mostly Jewish captives and some remaining Gorals, who were later employed by the new farm-owners. Sheds deemed unsanitary were torn down. The department prepared swastika flags and portraits of Hitler to be placed at farms declared ready for occupation by the new Germans. Despite the Nazi propaganda campaign painting a rosy picture of their opulent future, the new hosts were not given the best of lands, which were reserved for the

Wartheland Gaue officials on their part, lamented the newcomers' cultural backwardness in comparison with most Poles, and their inability to speak proper German. The new settlers were put under permanent police surveillance.[11]

Expulsion of the Goral women with children from the Żywiec County

Aktion Saybusch officially ended on December 12, 1940, although the last transport (out of the total number of 19) was dispatched as late as January 31, 1941. On top of the 18,000–20,000 deportees sent across the border, some 8,000 Gorals employed in local industries were moved away from their homes. It was a pilot project meant to be followed by similar actions, but in March 1941 SS-Obergruppenführer Hans Frank, Governor of General Government, objected to further overcrowding of his district.[1] As a result, from 1942 on, Polish deportees were placed with other farmers in the poorest villages within the same territory of Silesia (Interne Umsiedlung), or sent to one of the new 23 camps called Polenlager, created especially for that purpose. By the end of war, about 50,000 Polish nationals were displaced from Żywiec and the surrounding area, nearly one-third of its population. In Polenlagers, further selections were carried out, including racial abductions of children from their parents, who after verification were sent to Lebensborn centers for Germanization. The displaced Goral farmers who returned to their homes in 1945 often found buildings razed or destroyed and everything else stolen by the settlers escaping the Soviet advance.[1][5]

IPN investigation

In the early 1990s, Action Saybusch was investigated by the Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes Against the Polish Nation at the Institute of National Remembrance in Katowice followed by a formal inquiry initiated in 1998 by Senator Władysław Bułka.[10] After a series of announcements in the press, some 1,000 persons contacted IPN with personally collected data and supplementary materials, revealing the identities of many displaced families. According to Ewa Koj from IPN most living victims had already been interviewed. The investigation was limited by their advancing age and had to be discontinued on legal grounds.[10] However, it was followed by a broad exhibit of documents and photographs collected in the process, and presented in many regional cities and towns including Katowice, Żywiec, Bielsko-Biała and others. The Nazi perpetrators of ethnic cleansing had already been sentenced during the Nuremberg trials. The IPN announced that discussing matters of war compensation was not within their mandate, which some living victims found disappointing.[12][13][14][15][16]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Machcewicz 2010.
  2. ^ "Górale żywieccy: "Raus!", czyli Aktion Saybusch". Nasza Historia (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  3. ^ a b c Mirosław Sikora (20 September 2011). "Saybusch Aktion - jak Hitler budował raj dla swoich chłopów". OBEP Institute of National Remembrance, Katowice (in Polish). Redakcja Fronda.pl. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
  4. ISBN 978-3-486-58206-2
    .
  5. ^ a b c d Mirosław Sikora (16 September 2009). ""Aktion Saybusch" na Żywiecczyźnie". Reprinted by Nasz Dziennik. Institute of National Remembrance, Katowice. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
  6. ^ Machcewicz 2010, Wśród wysiedlonych nie mogło być osób narodowości żydowskiej. There could have been no people of Jewish nationality among the deportees..
  7. ^ Browning 2007.
  8. ^ Andrzej Tepper (2015), Jewish history of Zabłocie district of Żywiec (in Polish), Kirkuty - cmentarze żydowskie w Polsce - Jewish cemeteries in Poland, Liczba Żydów zamieszkujących Zabłocie, Isep i Sporysz - obecnie dzielnice Żywca - w 1938 roku doszła do dziewięciuset. The number of Jews living in Zabłocie, Isep and Sporysz neighborhoods of Żywiec reached 900 by 1938.
  9. ^ Virtual Shtetl (2014), "Deportations to Auschwitz-Birkenau", Jewish history of Sucha Beskidzka, POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews, archived from the original on 2014-11-06, retrieved 2019-05-06 – via Internet Archive
  10. ^ a b c d Malwina Palińska (15 August 2002). "Pokrzywdzeni..." Trybuna, C/D/N. Nad Sołą i Koszarawą No. 16 (95), year 5. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
  11. ^ Richard C. Lukas (2001). "Chapter IV. Germanization". Did the Children Cry? Hitler's War Against Jewish and Polish Children, 1939-1945. Hippocrene Books. Project InPosterum. Preserving the Past for the Future.
  12. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 13 May 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012.[permanent dead link
    ]
  13. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012.[permanent dead link
    ]
  14. ^ "Aktion Saybusch. Wysiedlenie mieszkańców Żywiecczyzny przez okupanta niemieckiego 1940-1941". Instytut Pamięci Narodowej o. Katowice. Wystawa (in Polish). Agencja Turystyki Beskidzkiej. 11 January 2011. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
  15. Super-nowa.pl. 27 September 2010. Archived from the original
    on 16 April 2013. Retrieved May 5, 2012.
  16. ^ OPG WG (4 February 2011). "Aktion Saybusch". Węgierska-Górka: Wystawy. Zywiecczyzna.pl. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved May 5, 2012.

References

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