Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani

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Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani
السمح بن مالك الخولاني
Governor of Al-Andalus
In office
719–721
Preceded by
Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi
Personal details
Died721
ParentMalik al-Khawlani
Military service
Battles/warsUmayyad invasion of Gaul

Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani (

governor general of Al-Andalus from between 719 and 721.[1] In 720, under his governorate he minted the first purely Arab coins in Al-Andalus as part of his fiscal reforms.[2]

Conquest of remaining Visigothic rule

On al-Samh's accession to office, the Visigothic king

Maguelonne (Montpellier) and Nîmes
.

Siege and defeat at Toulouse

After setting up his headquarters in Narbonne, military moves took an unexpected turn when Al-Samh returned to Al Andalus to gather more Arab troops prior to attacking the strongly defended Aquitanian capital city of Toulouse. While the ultimate reasons remain obscure, it has been argued that Odo provided shelter to Visigothic elites and population fleeing the theater of war around the eastern Pyrenees. Al-Samh returned to Septimania and on to southeastern Aquitaine with a massive army, siege engines, infantry, horsemen and mercenaries. The siege of Toulouse, with its near-impregnable walls, lasted until early summer.

The defenders, short of provisions, were close to breaking when, around June 9, 721,

Odo the Great, the duke of Aquitaine, returned at the head of a large Aquitanian and Frankish force,[5] attacking al-Samh's rear and launching a highly successful encircling movement. A major, decisive battle ensued. Caught between the Toulouse defenders and Eudes's men, al-Samh tried to break out, but was trapped with the bulk of his troops in a place that came to be called by Muslim chroniclers Balat al Shuhada ('the path of the martyrs') where he made a determined last stand as his army was decimated by Odo's forces.[6]

Al-Samh himself was critically wounded, and died shortly afterwards in Narbonne.

Notes

  1. ISBN 978-0-393-06472-8
    .
  2. ISBN 978-1-317-87041-8
    .
  3. ISBN 0-312-22464-8
    .
  4. ISBN 1-931956-60-X
    .
  5. Lewis, Archibald R. (1965). The Development of Southern French and Catalan Society, 718–1050
    . Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 21. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  6. ^ Meadows, Ian (March–April 1993). "The Arabs in Occitania". Saudi Aramco World. 44: 24–29. Archived from the original on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2014-11-29.
Preceded by
Governor of Al-Andalus

719–721 		Succeeded by
Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi
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