Allocentrism
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Allocentrism is a collectivistic personality attribute whereby people center their attention and actions on other people rather than themselves.
History
Allocentrism is closely related to collectivism; it is the psychological manifestation of collectivism.
Allocentrism versus Idiocentrism
Allocentrism is contrasted with idiocentrism, the psychological manifestation of individualism.[16] As stated earlier, allocentrism includes holding values and preferences of placing higher importance on in-group needs and goals over one's own, defining oneself in terms of the in-group, and seeing oneself as an extension of the in-group. Idiocentrism, however, is an orientation whereby individuals hold quite different values and preferences from those with an allocentric orientation. Idiocentric people tend to focus more on their own goals and needs rather than in-group ones. They prefer self-reliance, to make their own decisions without worrying about what others think, and enjoy competition.[17] It seems people can be both allocentric and idiocentric, but how much they are either is dependent on the situation and how the individual defines that situation. Certain situations encourage more allocentric behavior. These are found more in some cultures than others. These situations include when people are rewarded by the social context for being group orientated, when cultural norms encourage conformity which leads to success, when goals are easier achieved through group action, and when there are not many options for acting independently.[18]
Measuring Allocentrism
When researchers measure collectivism, they tend to use large scale studies that look at the cultural level. They add up many people's responses within different cultures with the unit of analysis the whole culture; the N of these studies is the number of cultures.
Another aspect of allocentrism is the priority of in-group goals over personal goals and this can be measured using the Collectivism Scale [23] or scales that look at interdependence versus independence. Triandis et al., 1995 Allocentrism has been measured utilizing The Collectivism Scale in three cultures—Korean, Japanese, and American—and found to have good concurrent and criterion validity and acceptable reliability (Cronbach's Alpha .77-.88). It is a ten item, five point Likert scale that assesses how much an individual acts in his or her own self-interest versus his or her group's interest. The group can be defined in various ways such as one's family, peer group, or work group.[24] Allocentrism is a very broad construct and therefore cannot be measured using only a few items; therefore, it is suggested that it be measured with multi-methods due to the limitations of each method.[25][26]
Culture
Allocentrism tends to be found more in collectivistic cultures (about 60%) but can also be found in all cultures,
Situation
For allocentrics, the situation is of paramount importance and they tend to define themselves relative to the context. Priming people to think about
Sociability
Allocentrics tend to receive higher quality and more social support than idiocentrics;[37] they tend to be more social, interdependent with others, and pay a lot of attention to their in-group and family.[38] This could possibly be because some of the important values of allocentrics are cooperation, honesty, and equality.[39][40] Allocentrics usually perceive that they have more and better social support than idiocentrics.[41] The amount of social support allocentrics receive seems to be related to their well-being with higher support indicative of higher levels of well-being and lower support with lower well-being.[42] Allocentrics tend to be less lonely, receive more social support (and are more satisfied with it), and are more cooperative than idiocentrics.[43][44]
Big Five
Allocentrism is related to the Big Five personality traits. It is negatively correlated to Openness to experience and positively correlated with Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Triandis, 2001).
Ethnocentricism
Allocentrics tend to be more
Consumer ethnocentrism
Allocentric people tend to be more consumer ethnocentric (the tendency to prefer the products on their own countries when shopping). Huang et al., (2008) looked at consumer ethnocentrism (CET) and allocentrism among a group of Taiwanese participants in relation to Korean products sold in Taiwan versus national products. This study found that allocentrism with parents was positively correlated with higher CET. However, allocentrism with friends was negatively correlated with CET.
Tourism and travel
The term allocentrism has also been used in the travel field to have a different meaning from the way it is used in the psychological research. Here the term allocentric traveler refers to a traveler who is an
Notes
- ^ m-w.com, http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072400773/student_view0/glossary.html
- ^ "Allocentric -- Medical Definition". Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ Harry et al., 1985
- ^ Triandis, 1999 5, p. 5
- ^ Hulbert et al, 2001
- ^ Triandis & Suh, 2002
- ^ Triandis, 1983
- ^ Harry et al., 1985
- ^ Yamaguchi et al, 1995
- ^ Bettencourt & Dorr, 1997
- ^ Muller, 1935
- ^ Triandis et al., 1995, p. 475
- ^ Triandis, Leung, Villareal, and Clack, 1985
- ^ Yamaguchi et al, 1995, p. 659
- ^ Triandis, 1995
- ^ Bettencourt & Dorr, 1997
- ^ Triandis et al, 2002
- ^ Triandis et al., 1995
- ^ Triandis et al., 1995
- ^ Triandis et al., 1985
- ^ Yamaguchi et al., 1995
- ^ Triandis et al., 1995
- ^ Yamaguchi et al., 1995
- ^ Yamaguchi et al., 1995
- ^ Triandis et al., 1995
- ^ Triandis, 1995
- ^ Triandis et al. 2001
- ^ Triandis, 1995, p. 5
- ^ Triandis & Suh, 2002
- ^ Triandis & Suh, 2002
- ^ Harry et al., 1985
- ^ Triandis, 1983
- ^ Yamaguchi, 1995
- ^ Trafimow et al., 1991
- ^ Triandis, 2001
- ^ Triandis, 2001
- ^ Triandis et al., 1985
- ^ Triandis & Suh, 2002
- ^ Triandis et al., 1985
- ^ Hulbert et al., 2001
- ^ Triandis et al., 1988
- ^ Sinha & Verma, 1994
- ^ Triandis et al., 1988
- ^ Harry et al., 1985
- ^ Seligman, 2002
- ^ Sinha & Verma, 1994
- ^ Bettencourt & Dorr, 1997
- ^ Kernahan, Bettencourt, & Dorr, 2000
- ^ Lee & Ward, 1998
- ^ Hulbert et al., 2001
- ^ McKercher, 2005
- ^ Hoxter & Lester, 1987
- ^ Sakakida, Cole & Card, 2008
- ^ Litvin, 2006
References
Bettencourt, B. A., & Dorr, N. (1997). Collective self-esteem as a mediator of the relationship between allocentrism and subjective well-being. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(9), 955-955-964.
Hoxter, A. L., & Lester, D. (1988). Tourist behavior and personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 9(1), 177–178.
Huang, Y. (2008). Allocentrism and consumer ethnocentrism: The effects of social identity on purchase intention. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(8), 1097-1097.
Hulbert, L. G., Corrêa, d. S., & Adegboyega, G. (2001). Cooperation in social dilemmas and allocentrism: A social values approach. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(6), 641-641-657.
Kernahan, C., Bettencourt, B. A., & Dorr, N. (2000). Benefits of allocentrism for the subjective well-being of African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 26(2), 181–193.
Litvin, S. W. (2006). Revisiting plog's model of allocentricity and psychocentricity . . . one more time. United States, Ithaca: Sage Publications, Inc.
McKercher, B. (2005). Are psychographics predictors of destination life cycles? Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 19(1), 49.
Muller, H. M. (1935). Democratic collectivism. New York: Wilson.
Sakakida, Y. (2004). A cross-cultural study of college students' travel preferences. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 16(1), 35–41.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: The Free Press.
Sinha, J. B. P., & Verma, J. (1994). Social support as a moderator of the relationship between allocentrism and psychological well-being. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, Ç. Kâğitçibaşi, S. Choi & G. Yoon (Eds.), (pp. 267–267-292). Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc.
Trafimow, D., Triandis, H. C., & Goto, S. G. (1991). Some tests of the distinction between the private self and the collective self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(5), 649–655.
Triandis, H. C., Leung, K., Villareal, M. J., & Clack, F. I. (1985). Allocentric versus idiocentric tendencies: Convergent and discriminant validation. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(4), 395–415.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Boulder: Westview Press.
Triandis, H. C., & University Publications of America (Firm). (1983). Allocentric vs. idiocentric social behavior : A major cultural difference between Hispanics and the mainstream. [Urbana-Champaign, IL]: University of Illinois.
Triandis, H. (1995). Multimethod probes of allocentrism and idiocentrism. International Journal of Psychology, 30(4), 461–480.
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