Ancient harbour of Samos
37°41′13″N 26°56′49″E / 37.687°N 26.947°E The ancient harbour of Samos was located at the town of Samos (modern Pythagoreio) on the island of Samos. It consisted of a large mole, which was identified in the fifth century BC ancient Greek historian Herodotus as one of three greatest feats of engineering in the Greek world.[1] Large parts of the ancient mole seem to survive, partially incorporated into the modern mole, but these remains are very difficult to date.
History
The island of Samos became one of the major naval powers in the Aegean in the sixth century BC, culminating in the reign of the tyrant
The island's political power declined in the fifth century BC. However, the harbour continued to be a major naval base and an important economic hub, especially under
Description
Pythagoreio has a large natural harbour, but it is very open to the south, so the fierce northerly winds pose a threat to shipping in port. The ancient mole extended due east from the western edge of the harbour, in order to shelter the harbour from these winds.[3]
The remains of a stone structure are submerged to the south of the modern mole of the harbour, running parallel to it and partially incorporated into it. Archaeological research has revealed a mole that is 480 metres (1,570 ft) long. At its eastern end, the mole upper surface of the structure is 2.75 metres (9.0 ft) below the surface and it continues down below the modern sea bed to a depth of at least 14 metres (46 ft) below sea level.[4] A number of loose architectural components have been recovered, including two ashlar blocks and a column drum.[5]
The structure was repeatedly damaged by storms and earthquakes in antiquity and repaired by piling new stones on top of the old ones, making it very difficult to date. Pottery remains recovered in the foundations of the mole mostly date to the Roman imperial period, with the earliest material dating to c. 300 BC. The excavator, Angeliki Simossi thus dated the surviving structure to the early Hellenistic period, making it later and larger than that described by Herodotus. She suggested that the structure known to Herodotus might be underneath the surviving remains, perhaps in the northern section which is covered by the modern harbour mole.
Excavations
In 1988, the modern
References
- ^ a b Herodotus, Histories 3.60
- ^ Simossi (1991), 281-2
- ^ Simossi (1991), 289
- ^ a b Simossi (1991), 282 & 292
- ^ Simossi (1991), 283 & 294
- ^ Simossi (1991), 287-291
- ^ Blackman (1998-99), 105
- ^ a b Blackman (1999-2000), 122
- ^ Blackman (1998-99), 105; (1999-2000), 122; (2000-01), 121; Morgan et al. (2009-10), 157.
Bibliography
- Simossi, Angeliki (1991). "Underwater excavation research in the ancient harbour of Samos: September-October 1988". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 20 (4): 281–298. .
- Blackman, David (1998–99). "Archaeology in Greece 1998-99". Archaeological Reports. 45 (45): 105. JSTOR 580978.
- Blackman, David (1999–2000). "Archaeology in Greece 1999-2000". Archaeological Reports. 46 (46): 122. S2CID 129665104.
- Blackman, David (2000–2001). "Archaeology in Greece 2000-2001". Archaeological Reports. 47: 121.
- Morgan, Catherine; Pitt, Robert K.; Mulliez, Dominique; Evely, Don (2009–2010). "Archaeology in Greece 2009-2010". Archaeological Reports. 56 (105): 101–106. JSTOR 550530.