Anwar Sadat
Anwar Sadat | |
---|---|
أنور السادات | |
3rd President of Egypt | |
In office 15 October 1970 – 6 October 1981 Acting: 28 September – 15 October 1970 | |
Prime Minister | See list
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Vice President | See list
|
Preceded by | Speaker of the National Assembly of Egypt |
In office 21 July 1960 – 20 January 1969 | |
President | Gamal Abdel Nasser |
Preceded by | Abdel Latif Boghdadi |
Succeeded by | Mohamed Labib Skokeir |
Personal details | |
Born | Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat محمد أنور السادات 25 December 1918 Monufia, Sultanate of Egypt |
Died | 6 October 1981 Cairo, Egypt | (aged 62)
Manner of death | Assassination |
Resting place | Unknown Soldier Memorial |
Political party | National Democratic Party |
Other political affiliations | Arab Socialist Union |
Spouses |
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Muhammad Anwar es-Sadat
In his eleven years as president, he changed
Early life and revolutionary activities
Anwar Sadat was born on 25 December 1918 in Mit Abu El Kom, part of Monufia Governorate in what was then the Sultanate of Egypt, to a poor family, and he had 14 siblings.[11] One of his brothers, Atef Sadat, later became a pilot and was killed in action during the October War of 1973.[12] His father, Anwar Mohammed El Sadat, was an Upper Egyptian, and his mother, Sit Al-Berain, was born to an Egyptian mother and a Sudanese father.[13][14]
He graduated from the Royal Military Academy in Cairo, the capital of what was then the Kingdom of Egypt, in 1938[15] and was appointed to the Signal Corps. He entered the army as a second lieutenant and was posted to the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (the Sudan being a condominium under joint British and Egyptian rule at the time). There, he met Gamal Abdel Nasser, and along with several other junior officers they formed the Free Officers, an organization committed to expelling the British presence from Egypt and removing royal corruption.[16]
During the
During Nasser's presidency
During the presidency of Gamal Abdel Nasser, Sadat was appointed minister of State in 1954. He was also appointed editor of the newly founded daily
Presidency
Some of the major events of Sadat's presidency were his "Corrective Revolution" to consolidate power, the break with Egypt's long-time ally and aid-giver the
Sadat succeeded Nasser as president after the latter's death in October 1970.[22] Sadat's presidency was widely expected to be short-lived.[23] Viewing him as having been little more than a puppet of the former president, Nasser's supporters in government settled on Sadat as someone they could manipulate easily. Sadat surprised everyone with a series of astute political moves by which he was able to retain the presidency and emerge as a leader in his own right.[24] On 15 May 1971,[25] Sadat announced his Corrective Revolution, purging the government, political and security establishments of the most ardent Nasserists. Sadat encouraged the emergence of an Islamist movement, which had been suppressed by Nasser. Believing Islamists to be socially conservative he gave them "considerable cultural and ideological autonomy" in exchange for political support.[26]
In 1971, three years into the War of Attrition in the Suez Canal zone, Sadat endorsed in a letter the peace proposals of UN negotiator Gunnar Jarring, which seemed to lead to a full peace with Israel on the basis of Israel's withdrawal to its pre-war borders. This peace initiative failed as neither Israel nor the United States of America accepted the terms as discussed then.[27]
Corrective Revolution
Shortly after taking office, Sadat shocked many Egyptians by dismissing and imprisoning two of the most powerful figures in the regime, Vice President Ali Sabri, who had close ties with Soviet officials, and Sharawy Gomaa, the Interior Minister, who controlled the secret police.[23]
Sadat's rising popularity would accelerate after he cut back the powers of the hated secret police,[23] expelled Soviet military from the country[28] and reformed the Egyptian army for a renewed confrontation with Israel.[23]
Yom Kippur War
On 6 October 1973, in conjunction with Hafez al-Assad of Syria, Sadat launched the October War, also known as the Yom Kippur War (and less commonly as the Ramadan War), a surprise attack against the Israeli forces occupying the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula,[29] and the Syrian Golan Heights in an attempt to retake these respective Egyptian and Syrian territories that had been occupied by Israel since the Six Day War six years earlier. The Egyptian and Syrian performance in the initial stages of the war astonished both Israel, and the Arab World. The most striking achievement (Operation Badr, also known as The Crossing) was the Egyptian military's advance approximately 15 km into the occupied Sinai Peninsula after penetrating and largely destroying the Bar Lev Line. This line was popularly thought to have been an impregnable defensive chain.
As the war progressed, three divisions of the Israeli army led by General
Peace with Israel
External audio | |
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National Press Club Luncheon Speakers Anwar Sadat, 6 February 1978, National Press Club. Speech begins at 7:31[34] |
The initial Egyptian and Syrian victories in the war restored popular morale throughout Egypt and the Arab World and, for many years after, Sadat was known as the "Hero of the Crossing". Israel recognized Egypt as a formidable foe, and Egypt's renewed political significance eventually led to regaining and reopening the Suez Canal through the peace process. His new peace policy led to the conclusion of two agreements on disengagement of forces with the Israeli government. The first of these agreements was signed on 18 January 1974, and the second on 4 September 1975.
One major aspect of Sadat's peace policy was to gain some religious support for his efforts. Already during his visit to the US in October–November 1975, he invited Evangelical pastor Billy Graham for an official visit, which was held a few days after Sadat's visit.[35] In addition to cultivating relations with Evangelical Christians in the US, he also built some cooperation with the Vatican. On 8 April 1976, he visited the Vatican for the first time, and got a message of support from Pope Paul VI regarding achieving peace with Israel, to include a just solution to the Palestinian issue.[36] Sadat, on his part, extended to the Pope a public invitation to visit Cairo.[37][failed verification]
Sadat also used the media to promote his purposes. In an interview he gave to the Lebanese magazine Al Hawadeth in early February 1976, he claimed he had secret commitment from the US government to put pressure on the Israeli government for a major withdrawal in Sinai and the Golan Heights.[38] This statement caused some concern to the Israeli government, but Kissinger denied such a promise was ever made.[39]
In January 1977, a series of
The United States and the Soviet Union agreed on 1 October 1977, on principles to govern a Geneva conference on the Middle East.[23] Syria continued to resist such a conference.[23] Not wanting either Syria or the Soviet Union to influence the peace process, Sadat decided to take more progressive stance towards building a comprehensive peace agreement with Israel.[23]
On 19 November 1977, Sadat became the first Arab leader to visit Israel officially when he met with Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin, and spoke before the Knesset in Jerusalem about his views on how to achieve a comprehensive peace to the Arab–Israeli conflict, which included the full implementation of UN Resolutions 242 and 338. He said during his visit that he hopes "that we can keep the momentum in Geneva, and may God guide the steps of Premier Begin and Knesset, because there is a great need for hard and drastic decision".[43]
The Peace treaty was finally signed by Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin in Washington, D.C., United States, on 26 March 1979, following the
Let us put an end to wars, let us reshape life on the solid basis of equity and truth. And it is this call, which reflected the will of the Egyptian people, of the great majority of the Arab and Israeli peoples, and indeed of millions of men, women, and children around the world that you are today honoring. And these hundreds of millions will judge to what extent every responsible leader in the Middle East has responded to the hopes of mankind.[44]
The main features of the agreement were the mutual recognition of each country by the other, the cessation of the state of war that had existed since the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and the complete withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the rest of the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the 1967 Six-Day War.
The agreement also provided for the free passage of Israeli ships through the
The treaty was extremely unpopular in most of the Arab World and the wider Muslim World.
In 1979, the Arab League suspended Egypt in the wake of the Egyptian–Israel peace agreement, and the League moved its headquarters from Cairo to Tunis. Arab League member states believed in the elimination of the "Zionist Entity" and Israel at that time. It was not until 1989 that the League re-admitted Egypt as a member, and returned its headquarters to Cairo. As part of the peace deal, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula in phases, completing its withdrawal from the entire territory except the town of Taba by 25 April 1982 (withdrawal from which did not occur until 1989).[23] The improved relations Egypt gained with the West through the Camp David Accords soon gave the country resilient economic growth.[23] By 1980, however, Egypt's strained relations with the Arab World would result in a period of rapid inflation.[23]
Relationship with Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran
The relationship between Iran and Egypt had fallen into open hostility during Gamal Abdel Nasser's presidency. Following his death in 1970, President Sadat turned this around quickly into an open and close friendship.[48]
In 1971, Sadat addressed the
Overnight, the Egyptian and Iranian governments were turned from bitter enemies into fast friends. The relationship between Cairo and Tehran became so friendly that the Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, called Sadat his "dear brother".[48]
After the 1973 war with Israel, Iran assumed a leading role in cleaning up and reactivating the blocked Suez Canal with heavy investment. The country also facilitated the withdrawal of Israel from the occupied Sinai Peninsula by promising to substitute the loss of the oil to the Israelis with free Iranian oil if they withdrew from the Egyptian oil wells in western Sinai.[48]
All these added more to the personal friendship between Sadat and the Shah of Iran. (The Shah's first wife was
After his overthrow, the deposed Shah spent the last months of his life in exile in Egypt. When the Shah died, Sadat ordered that he be given a
Assassination
The last months of Sadat's presidency were marked by internal uprising.[23] Sadat dismissed allegations that the rioting was incited by domestic issues, believing that the Soviet Union was recruiting its regional allies in Libya and Syria to incite an uprising that would eventually force him out of power.[23] Following a failed military coup in June 1981, Sadat ordered a major crackdown that resulted in the arrest of numerous opposition figures.[23] Although Sadat still maintained high levels of popularity in Egypt,[23] it has been said that he was assassinated "at the peak" of his unpopularity.[50]
Earlier in his presidency,
In February 1981, Egyptian authorities were alerted to El-Jihad's plan by the arrest of an operative carrying crucial information. In September, Sadat ordered a highly unpopular roundup of more than 1,500 people, including many Jihad members, but also
According to
On 6 October 1981, Sadat was assassinated during the annual victory parade held in Cairo to celebrate
The assassination squad was led by Lieutenant
Aftermath
Sadat was succeeded by his vice president Hosni Mubarak, whose hand was injured during the attack. Sadat's funeral was attended by a record number of dignitaries from around the world, including a rare simultaneous attendance by three former US presidents: Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter and Richard Nixon. Sudan's President Gaafar Nimeiry was the only Arab head of state to attend the funeral. Only 3 of 24 states in the Arab League—Oman, Somalia and Sudan—sent representatives at all.[60] Israel's prime minister, Menachem Begin, considered Sadat a personal friend and insisted on attending the funeral, walking throughout the funeral procession so as not to desecrate the Sabbath.[61] Sadat was buried in the unknown soldier memorial in Cairo, across the street from the stand where he was assassinated.
Over three hundred Islamic radicals were indicted in the trial of assassin Khalid Islambouli, including future al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, Omar Abdel-Rahman, and Abd al-Hamid Kishk. The trial was covered by the international press and Zawahiri's knowledge of English made him the de facto spokesman for the defendants. Zawahiri was released from prison in 1984. Abboud al-Zomor and Tareq al-Zomor, two Islamic Jihad leaders imprisoned in connection with the assassination, were released on 11 March 2011.[62]
Despite these facts, the nephew of the late president, Talaat Sadat, claimed that the assassination was an international conspiracy. On 31 October 2006, he was sentenced to a year in prison for defaming Egypt's armed forces, less than a month after he gave the interview accusing Egyptian generals of masterminding his uncle's assassination. In an interview with a Saudi television channel, he also claimed both the United States and Israel were involved: "No one from the special personal protection group of the late president fired a single shot during the killing, and not one of them has been put on trial," he said.[63]
Media portrayals of Anwar Sadat
In 1983,
The film was critically acclaimed in North America, but was unpopular among Egyptians and in the Egyptian press. Western authors attributed the film's poor reception in Egypt to racism – Gossett being African-American – in the Egyptian government or Egypt in general.
He was portrayed by Robert Loggia in the 1982 television movie A Woman Called Golda, opposite Ingrid Bergman as Golda Meir.
The first Egyptian depiction of Sadat's life came in 2001, when
The young Sadat is a major character in Ken Follett's thriller The Key to Rebecca, taking place in World War II Cairo. Sadat, at the time a young officer in the Egyptian Army and involved in anti-British revolutionary activities, is presented quite sympathetically; his willingness to cooperate with German spies is clearly shown to derive from his wish to find allies against British occupation of his country, rather than from support of Nazi ideology. Some of the scenes in the book, such as Sadat's arrest by the British, closely follow the information provided in Sadat's own autobiography.
Sadat was a recurring character on Saturday Night Live, played by Garrett Morris, who bore a resemblance to Sadat.
Honours awarded
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Family
Portrayals Legacy |
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National
- Collar of the Order of the Republic
- Grand Cordon of the Order of the Nile
- Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
- Supreme Class of the Order of the Virtues
Foreign
- Order of Fidelity
- Austria: Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria
- Italy: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
- Kuwait: Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great
- Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (SMN (K)) with title Tun (1965)[68]
- Nepal:
- Member First Class of the Order of the Star of Nepal
- Member of the Order of the Benevolent Ruler
- Saudi Arabia: First Class of the Order of King Abdulaziz
- Order of the Umayyads
- Tunisia: Grand Cross of the Order of the Republic
- United States:
- Recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1984)
- Recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal (2018, posthumous)[69]
- Yugoslavia
- Order of the Yugoslav Great Star (1977)[70]
Bibliography
- Sadat, Anwar (1954). قصة الثورة كاملة (The Full Story of the Revolution) (in Arabic). Cairo: Dar el-Hilal. OCLC 23485697.
- Sadat, Anwar (1955). صفحات مجهولة (Unknown Pages of the Revolution) (in Arabic). Cairo: دار التحرير للطبع والنشر،. OCLC 10739895.
- Sadat, Anwar (1957). Revolt on the Nile. New York: J. Day Co. OCLC 1226176.
- Sadat, Anwar (1958). Son, This Is Your Uncle Gamal – Memoirs of Anwar el-Sadat. Beirut: Maktabat al-ʻIrfān. OCLC 27919901.
- Sadat, Anwar (1978). In Search of Identity: An Autobiography. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-013742-7.
See also
Notes
- Arabic: محمد أنور السادات, romanized: Muḥammad ʾAnwar as-Sādāt, Egyptian Arabic: [mæˈħæmmæd ˈʔɑnwɑɾ essæˈdæːt].
References
- ISBN 978-1-135-19565-6,
Significantly, Anwar Sadat did not mention aspects in his early life...It was in Mit Abul-Kum that Eqbal Afifi, the woman who was his wife for ten years and whom he left, was also born. Her family was of higher social standing than Anwar's, being of Turkish origin...
- ^ Serrieh, Joanne (9 July 2021). "Jehan Sadat, wife of late Anwar Sadat, dies after short battle with illness: Reports". Al Arabiya English. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
- ^ "Sadat". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ "Sadat"[permanent dead link] (US) and "Sadat". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
- ^ "Sādāt". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
- ^ a b c "Peace with Israel".
- ^ Graham, Nick (21 August 2010). "Middle East Peace Talks: Israel, Palestinian Negotiations More Hopeless Than Ever". HuffPost. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ Vatikiotis, P. J. (1992). The History of Modern Egypt (4th edition ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. p. 443.
- ^ "The Failure at Camp David – Part III Possibilities and pitfalls for further negotiations". Textus. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Egypt and Israel Sign Formal Treaty, Ending a State of War After 30 Years; Sadat and Begin Praise Carter's Role". The New York Times.
- ^ "Profile: Anwar Sadat The former Egyptian president believed a peace deal with Israel was vital to end wars". Al Jazeera. 25 January 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2013.
- ^ "Sadat's Brother Reported Killed During October War". The New York Times. 6 January 1974. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-84545-095-3. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Sadat's Wife autobiography".
- ISBN 978-0-8239-4464-4.
- ISBN 978-1-4381-0440-9.
- ^ Jon B. Alterman (April 1998). "Sadat and His Legacy: Egypt and the World, 1977–1997". The Washington Institute.
- ^ "إبنة صلاح ذو الفقار تكشف عن دور والدها أثناء اعتقال السادات". مصراوي.كوم. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "رقية السادات لـ"اليوم السابع": صلاح ذو الفقار كان المشرف على زنزانة والدى .. عندما ذهبت مع والدتى لزيارة أبى فى المعتقل وجدت صوت تعذيب فطمأننى الفنان الراحل: والدك لا يتم تعذيبه". اليوم السابع. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ "دفعة وزراء الداخلية وحارس سجن السادات.. ما لا تعرفه عن صلاح ذو الفقار". اليوم السابع. 22 December 2020. Retrieved 7 February 2022.
- ^ Alterman, Jon B. (1998). "New Media New Politics?" (PDF). 48. The Washington Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Big 'yes' for Anwar Sadat". Ottawa Citizen. Cairo. Associated Press. 16 October 1970. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Pace, Eric (7 October 1981). "Anwar el-Sadat, the Daring Arab Pioneer of Peace with Israel". The New York Times.
- ^ "Egypt Corrective Revolution 1971". Onwar. 16 December 2000. Archived from the original on 1 February 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ a b Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, p. 74
- ISBN 0-674-00877-4.
- ^ Chomsky, Noam (2003). Understanding Power. pp. 127–128.
I wrote [Newsweek] a letter, the kind of letter you write to Newsweek—you know, four lines—in which I said, '[George] Will has one statement of fact, it's false; Sadat made a peace offer in 1971, and Israel and the United States turned it down.' Well, a couple days later I got a call from a research editor who checks facts for the Newsweek 'Letters' column. She said: 'We're kind of interested in your letter; where did you get those facts?' So I told her, 'Well, they're published in Newsweek, on 8 February 1971'
- S2CID 216279788.
- ^ "The Egyptian Military's Huge Historical Role". 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
- ^ Mary Ann Fay (December 1990). "A Country Study". The Library of Congress. pp. Chapter 1, Egypt: The Aftermath of War: October 1973 War. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
- ^ "Situation report in the Middle East" (PDF). Department of State. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 October 2003. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ISBN 978-0-521-35859-0.
- ISBN 978-0-679-42120-7. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ "National Press Club Luncheon Speakers, Anwar Sadat, February 6, 1978". National Press Club via Library of Congress. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ "Text of diplomatic cable regarding Graham's visit to Egypt (US government website)". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Text of Pope's message to Sadat". Vatican. 1976. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "John Anthony Volpe (US Ambassador to Italy), cable describing Sadat's visit to the Vatican". Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Sadat interview to El Hawadeth" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Telephone conversation between Kissinger and Rabin, February 5, 1976" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 August 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ Mary Ann Weaver, Portrait of Egypt, p. 25
- ISBN 978-0-674-29140-9.
- ISBN 978-0-374-23542-0.
- ^ "Sadat Visits Israel: 1977 Year in Review". United Press International. Archived from the original on 19 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Anwar Al-Sadat". Archived from the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 22 January 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-8018-4214-6.
- ^ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1978 – Presentation Speech". Nobel prize. 1978. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ "Teaching". Pat Robertson. Archived from the original on 21 December 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4917-5074-2.
- ^ An Ideology of Martyrdom – Time
- ^ Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, p. 192
- ^ Wright, 2006, p. 49
- ^ 'Cracking Down', Time, 14 September 1981
- ^ Le prophète et Pharaon by Kepel, pp. 103–4
- ^ Wright, 2006, p. 50
- ^ For an account that uses this version of events, look at Middle East Report's January–March 1996 issue, specifically Hisham Mubarak's interview with ? On pages 42–43 Qasim deals specifically with rumors of Jihad Group involvement in the assassination, and denies them entirely.
- ^ "1981 Year in Review". United Press International. 1981. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
- ^ "Taher Helmi: Feats of circumstance". Al Ahram Weekly. 23 March 2005. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ "Taher Helmy's Speech at the AUC Commencement Ceremony 2008". Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2012 – via YouTube.
- )
- ^ Tuhoy, William (11 October 1981). Most of Arab world ignores Sadat funeral[permanent dead link]. The Spokesman-Review.
- ^ Avner, Yehuda (24 July 2010). The Prime Ministers (p. 575). The Toby Press, LLC. Kindle Edition.
- ^ Egypt Releases Brother of Al Qaeda's No. 2, Liam Stack, The New York Times, 17 March 2011
- ^ Sadat nephew in court appearance. BBC News. 18 October 2006.
- ^ Reuters (1984). Suit Over Film 'Sadat' Is Dismissed in Cairo The New York Times Retrieved 7 January 2009.
- ^ Benjamin P. Bowser, Racism and Anti-Racism in World Perspective (Sage Series on Race and Ethnic Relations, Volume 13), (Sage Publications, Inc: 1995), p. 108
Upset by 'Sadat,' Egypt Bars Columbia Films - ^ Walter M. Ulloth, Dana Brasch, The Press and the State: Sociohistorical and Contemporary Studies, (University Press of America: 1987), p. 483
- ^ Adel Darwish (31 March 2005). "Ahmed Zaki: 'Black Tiger' of Egyptian film". The Middle East Internet News Network. Retrieved 13 February 2008.
- ^ "Senarai Penuh Penerima Darjah Kebesaran, Bintang dan Pingat Persekutuan Tahun 1965" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
- ^ "Trump signs law honoring Anwar Sadat". 14 December 2018.
- ^ "Одликувања" (PDF). Službeni list SFRJ (in Macedonian). XXXIII (45): 1764. 1764.
Further reading
- ISBN 978-1-59264-278-6.
- Berenji, Shahin. "Sadat and the Road to Jerusalem: Bold Gestures and Risk Acceptance in the Search for Peace." International Security 45.1 (2020): 127–163.
- ISBN 978-0-9690001-0-5.
- Finklestone, Joseph. Anwar Sadat: visionary who dared (Routledge, 2013). biography.
- Haykal, Muhammad Hasanayn (1982). Autumn of Fury: The Assassination of Sadat. Wm Collins & Sons & Co. ISBN 978-0-394-53136-6.
- Hurwitz, Harry; Medad, Yisrael (2010). Peace in the Making. ISBN 978-965-229-456-2.
- Israeli, Raphael. "Sadat: The Calculus of War and Peace." The Diplomats, 1939–1979 (Princeton University Press, 2019) pp. 436–458. online
- Meital, Yoram (1997). Egypt's Struggle for Peace: Continuity and Change, 1967–1971. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1533-0.
- ISBN 978-0-691-07650-8.
- ISBN 978-0-375-41486-2.
External links
- Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Front Page
- Ben-Gurion on Anwar Sadat Wanting Peace, 1971 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
- Anwar Sadat Chair for Peace and Development at the University of Maryland
- Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom – March 26, 1984 Archived 18 September 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- Anwar Sadat at IMDb
- Anwar Sadat collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Free Egyptians Point of View About Sadat's Assassination (in Arabic and English) (Internet Archive)
- The short film Anwar Sadat (1976) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.
- Sadat Movie (Produced in 1983) – Banned from the Middle East because of some historical mistakes.
- Anwar al-Sadat on Nobelprize.org