Battle of the Beanfield
Battle of The Beanfield | |||
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New Age Travellers travelled to Stonehenge and were met with an even larger police operation who had the claimed intent of enforcing the injunction. | |||
Resulted in | The 1985 festival was prevented from taking place amid violent, controversial and disputed events. | ||
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The Battle of the Beanfield took place over several hours on 1 June 1985, when
The convoy of travellers heading for Stonehenge encountered a police road block seven miles from the landmark. Police claimed that some traveller vehicles then rammed police vehicles in an attempt to push through the roadblock.[2] Around the same time police smashed the windows of some of the convoy's vehicles and some travellers were arrested. The rest broke into an adjacent field, and a stand-off developed that persisted for several hours.[1] According to the BBC, "Police said they came under attack, being pelted with lumps of wood, stones and even petrol bombs".[2][3] Conversely, The Observer states the travellers were not armed with petrol bombs and that police intelligence suggesting so "was false".[1]
Eventually the police launched another attack during which the worst of the violent police behaviour took place. According to The Observer, during this period pregnant women and those holding babies were clubbed by police with truncheons and the police were hitting "anybody they could reach". When some of the travellers tried to escape by driving away through the fields, The Observer stated that the police threw truncheons, shields, fire extinguishers and stones at them to try to stop them.[1]
Dozens of travellers were injured,
Two years after the event, a Wiltshire police sergeant was found guilty of
In February 1991 a civil court judgement awarded 21 of the travellers £24,000 in damages for false imprisonment, damage to property and wrongful arrest.[3] The award was swallowed by their legal bill as the judge did not award them legal costs.[4]
Background
The British
The free festival scene thus also emerged in the 1970s. The People's Free Festival at Windsor ran from 1972 until 1974 when it was violently terminated by the authorities.[4] Stonehenge Free Festival began in 1974. In 1975 the Windsor festival switched to Watchfield but did not prove successful at the abandoned military site. Consequently, The People's Free Festival at Stonehenge became the focal point of the movement. In 1980, the Festival was marred by significant violence, largely by biker groups.[7]
In 1984 the Department of the Environment passed management of Stonehenge and the surrounding land to English Heritage.[8] By that time the festival had grown in size, the attendance figure for the 1984 festival was estimated at 100,000.[6] Due to the high attendance figures there was little authority present at Stonehenge festivals and the police were unable to shut them down or implement the law. Consequently, most illegal drugs were unrestrictedly available and advertised for purchase. Traders at the festival were neglecting to obtain licences or pay taxes.[6]
Critics claimed that the 1984 festival had resulted in the destruction of archaeological information and on the site itself, "holes had been dug in
A civil high court injunction was consequently imposed prohibiting the proposed 1985 festival from taking place.[2]
Main events
After staying the previous night in Savernake Forest, the Convoy on the morning of 1 June numbered up to 140 vehicles, most of them buses and vans converted into living spaces; it is estimated they contained 600 people.[1][2] The police had laid down an exclusion zone 4 miles (6.4 km) around the perimeter of Stonehenge, which the convoy hoped to breach. The Convoy met resistance when the police set up a roadblock near Shipton Bellinger about 7 miles (11 km) from Stonehenge. This was achieved by tipping three lorry loads of gravel across the road. According to The Observer, the convoy evaded the main roadblock on the A303 by slipping down a side road but were then met with a second roadblock.[1] At this juncture the police claim that some traveller vehicles rammed police vehicles in an attempt to escape the roadblock.[2][9] At around the same time the police smashed the windscreens of traveller vehicles and arrested occupants.[1][9][10]
Most traveller vehicles broke into an adjacent field,
At 7pm officers in riot gear entered the field and launched a final attack.[1][4] Pregnant women and those holding babies were hit by police with truncheons according to The Observer,[1] who also noted journalist Nick Davies stating that police were hitting "anybody (that) they could reach".[1] When some travellers tried to escape by driving away through the field police allegedly threw truncheons, shields, fire-extinguishers and stones at them to stop them.[1] The Observer and The Independent report that travellers' vehicles were smashed and set on fire.[1][11]
One traveller was taken away with a suspected fractured skull.[12]
The large majority of the travellers, over 500, were arrested
Traveller Alan Lodge, speaking to the BBC, described it as "an ambush that happened on a small, mild mannered bunch of people".[2]
The
Witnesses
Most independent eyewitness accounts of the events relate that the police used violent tactics against men, women and children, including pregnant women; and purposely damaged the vehicles used by the convoy.[13][14]
Earl of Cardigan
The travellers had departed from Savernake Forest, which is owned by the Earl of Cardigan's family.[1] The Earl of Cardigan decided to follow the convoy on his motorbike.[11] The Earl describes that during the initial confrontation there were negotiations with police who insisted that the travellers would not be allowed to pass. The travellers subsequently began entering into a field. Then "police rushed out on foot, from behind their barricades. Clutching drawn truncheons and riot shields, they ran round to the driver's door of each vehicle, slamming their truncheons into the bodywork to make a deafening noise, and shouting at every driver, 'get out, get out, hand over your keys, get out'".[11] He states that police were "smashing up vehicles" and instructions to "Get out!" often happened simultaneously, giving travellers no time to react before police used riot sticks to break the vehicles' windscreens.[1] Cardigan described seeing a very pregnant woman being "repeatedly clubbed on the head" by police, many of whom had their ID numbers covered up.[15] He also saw police with hammers smashing up the dashboards of several of the now-abandoned motor-coach homes.
Cardigan also described how he was approached by the police the following day, who wanted permission to remove travellers who were still at Savernake: "They said they wanted to go into the campsite 'suitably equipped' and 'finish unfinished business'. Make of that phrase what you will. I said to them, that if it was my permission they were after, they did not have it. I did not want a repeat of the grotesque events that I'd seen the day before."[16]
Journalists
ITN Reporter Kim Sabido was at the scene and recorded a piece-to-camera in which he claimed that he had witnessed "some of the most brutal police treatment of people" that he had seen in his entire career as a journalist. He also remarked on the number of people that had been "clubbed" by police including those "holding babies in their arms". He felt that an inquiry should be held into what had happened. Sabido later claimed that when he went back to the ITN library to look at the rushes, most of the footage had "disappeared, particularly some of the nastier shots."[12] Some of this missing footage was later rediscovered and incorporated into Operation Solstice a documentary shown on Channel 4 in 1991.[12]
Nick Davies reported for the Observer that "There was glass breaking, people screaming, black smoke towering out of burning caravans and everywhere there seemed to be people being bashed and flattened and pulled by the hair. Men, women and children were led away, shivering, swearing, crying, bleeding, leaving their homes in pieces."[5]
Freelance photographer Ben Gibson, engaged by The Observer that day, was arrested and charged with obstructing a police officer. He was later acquitted.[17] Another freelance photographer, Tim Malyon, had to flee at one point.[16]
Legal action
Twenty-four of the travellers sued Wiltshire Police for wrongful arrest, assault and criminal damage to themselves and their property.
In court, individual police officers were difficult to identify, as they had hidden their identification numbers on the day.[18] Despite this, one police sergeant was convicted of an assault occasioning actual bodily harm on a member of the Convoy.[3]
Police radio and video was used as evidence during the court case, however there was a recording gap in both the radio and video recordings. The recording gap in the video footage was allegedly due to the video tape breaking when the convoy was initially halted at the roadblock.[12] There was also evidence that radio logs of conversations between officers on the day of the battle had been altered.[1]
The Earl of Cardigan testified in court against Wiltshire Police. His testimony proved vital in supporting the allegation that police violence had been excessive. He was criticised by several national newspapers for acting as a witness against Wiltshire Police; Bill Deedes' editorial in The Daily Telegraph claimed he was a class traitor. Consequently, the Earl successfully sued for defamation.[15]
Aftermath and legacy
Legislation was introduced in the form of the Public Order Act 1986 and later the Criminal Justice Act 1994 that made the travellers' way of life increasingly difficult to sustain.[18]
Following the events of 1985, the four-mile blockade of Stonehenge was maintained for future summer solstices.
For the 1999 summer solstice English Heritage granted "limited access" to Stonehenge to
Despite repeated calls, an inquiry into the events of 1 June 1985 has never been honoured.[20]
Cultural references
Singer Roy Harper's song "Back to the Stones" refers to the Battle of the Beanfield. It was recorded in 1989 and appears on his 1993 live album Unhinged.
The Hawkwind song "Confrontation" from the album Out & Intake includes a description of the day's events and includes a dramatisation of some events including the repeated phrase "I am not interested in anything you have to say".[21]
The Levellers' song "Battle of the Beanfield", from their 1991 album Levelling the Land, was inspired by the Battle of the Beanfield.[5]
British progressive-rock band
The song "Itinerant Child", by Ian Dury and Chaz Jankel, which appears on the 1998 album Mr. Love Pants, by Ian Dury & The Blockheads, was inspired by Dury's experiences during the incident.[22]
The police riot is a feature of the 2001 fictional novel He Kills Coppers by Jake Arnott, partially following changes in police culture between the 1960s and the 1980s, later made into an ITV TV series.[23]
The confrontation is also featured in the 2018 novel The Fountain in the Forest by Tony White.[24]
See also
- Stonehenge Free Festival
- New Age Travellers
- Glastonbury Festival
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Thompson, Tony (12 June 2005). "Twenty years after, mystery still clouds Battle of the Beanfield". The Observer. London. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Hallett, Emma (20 June 2014). "Summer solstice: How the Stonehenge battles faded". BBC News. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f Hippies clash with police at Stonehenge (1985), BBC News archive Accessed 22 January 2008.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Templeton, Tom (22 February 2004). "What happened next?". The Observer. London. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
- ^ ISBN 9780091933807.
- ^ a b c d "New Travellers, Old Story" (PDF). The Children's Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 September 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
- ^ "Stonehenge free festival history 80s". UK Rock Festivals. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ JSTOR 124661.
- ^ ISBN 0-9523316-6-7
- ^ "Stonehenge free festival - 1985 - The Battle of the Beanfield". UK Rock Festivals. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
- ^ a b c Akbar, Arifa (21 June 2005). "Twenty years on, the peace-loving festival fans still bear the scars of the Battle of the Beanfield". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Operation Solstice (1991), documentary first broadcast on Channel 4 in Nov 1991
- ^ The Battle of the Beanfield, Edited by Andy Worthington Accessed 22 January 2008.
- ^ "Solstice dawns over Stonehenge". BBC News. 21 June 2001. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ a b Bell, Mathew. "Earl of Cardigan: 'Seeing police beat a pregnant woman does poison your view'". The Independent. London.
- ^ ISBN 1872883761.
- ^ "British Journal of Photography". 132 (40–52). Henry Greenwood & Company Limited. 1985.
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(help) - ^ a b Worthington, Andy (1 June 2009). "Remember the Battle of the Beanfield". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
- ^ "Stonehenge visits cancelled". BBC News. 21 June 1999. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
- ^ "A missed anniversary: The Battle of the Beanfield and Lord Cardigan's testimony". Marlborough News. 4 June 2015.
- ^ "Confrontation - Hawkwind Lyrics". Lyrics.com.
- ISBN 0-330-5114-83, p.329.
- ISBN 9781848946545.
- ISBN 9780571336180.
Further reading
- The Battle of the Beanfield, Andy Worthington, Enabler Publications, 2005. ISBN 0-952-33166-7
External links
- Alan Lodge: Stonehenge and the 'Battle of the Beanfield'
- Summer solstice: How the Stonehenge battles faded at BBC News
- Battle of the Beanfield - The story ten years on at SchNEWS
- Battle of the Beanfield - ITN News Report and footage at YouTube
- Operation Solstice (1991) - Channel 4 Critical Eye documentary at YouTube