Bonferroni correction

In statistics, the Bonferroni correction is a method to counteract the multiple comparisons problem.

Background

The method is named for its use of the

An extension of the method to

The Bonferroni correction compensates for that increase by testing each individual hypothesis at a significance level of ${\displaystyle \alpha /m}$, where ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ is the desired overall alpha level and ${\displaystyle m}$ is the number of hypotheses.[4] For example, if a trial is testing ${\displaystyle m=20}$ hypotheses with a desired overall ${\displaystyle \alpha =0.05}$, then the Bonferroni correction would test each individual hypothesis at ${\displaystyle \alpha =0.05/20=0.0025}$. Similarly, when constructing confidence intervals for ${\displaystyle m}$ parameters, each individual confidence interval can be computed at the ${\displaystyle 1-\alpha /m}$ confidence level to achieve an overall confidence level of ${\displaystyle 1-\alpha }$.

The Bonferroni correction can also be applied as a p-value adjustment: Using that approach, instead of adjusting the alpha level, each p-value is multiplied by the number of tests (with adjusted p-values that exceed 1 then being reduced to 1), and the alpha level is left unchanged. The significance decisions reached will be the same as when using the alpha-level adjustment approach.

Definition

Let ${\displaystyle H_{1},\ldots ,H_{m}}$ be a family of null hypotheses and let ${\displaystyle p_{1},\ldots ,p_{m}}$ be their corresponding p-values. Let ${\displaystyle m}$ be the total number of null hypotheses, and let ${\displaystyle m_{0}}$ be the number of true null hypotheses (which is presumably unknown to the researcher). The family-wise error rate (FWER) is the probability of rejecting at least one true ${\displaystyle H_{i}}$, that is, of making at least one

. The Bonferroni correction rejects the null hypothesis for each ${\displaystyle p_{i}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m}}}$, thereby controlling the FWER at ${\displaystyle \leq \alpha }$. Proof of this control follows from Boole's inequality, as follows:

${\displaystyle {\text{FWER}}=P\left\{\bigcup _{i=1}^{m_{0}}\left(p_{i}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m}}\right)\right\}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{m_{0}}\left\{P\left(p_{i}\leq {\frac {\alpha }{m}}\right)\right\}=m_{0}{\frac {\alpha }{m}}\leq \alpha .}$

This control does not require any assumptions about dependence among the p-values or about how many of the null hypotheses are true.^[5]

Extensions

Generalization

Rather than testing each hypothesis at the ${\displaystyle \alpha /m}$ level, the hypotheses may be tested at any other combination of levels that add up to ${\displaystyle \alpha }$, provided that the level of each test is decided before looking at the data.^[6] For example, for two hypothesis tests, an overall ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ of 0.05 could be maintained by conducting one test at 0.04 and the other at 0.01.

Confidence intervals

The procedure proposed by Dunn

. If one establishes ${\displaystyle m}$ confidence intervals, and wishes to have an overall confidence level of ${\displaystyle 1-\alpha }$, each individual confidence interval can be adjusted to the level of ${\displaystyle 1-{\frac {\alpha }{m}}}$.^[2]

Continuous problems

When searching for a signal in a continuous parameter space there can also be a problem of multiple comparisons, or look-elsewhere effect. For example, a physicist might be looking to discover a particle of unknown mass by considering a large range of masses; this was the case during the Nobel Prize winning detection of the Higgs boson. In such cases, one can apply a continuous generalization of the Bonferroni correction by employing Bayesian logic to relate the effective number of trials, ${\displaystyle m}$, to the prior-to-posterior volume ratio.^[7]

Alternatives

There are alternative ways to control the

Criticism

With respect to FWER control, the Bonferroni correction can be conservative if there are a large number of tests and/or the test statistics are positively correlated.^[9]

The correction comes at the cost of increasing the probability of producing

control in general, and are not specific to the Bonferroni correction.

References

External links

• Bonferroni, Sidak online calculator