Chemical clock

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In an iodine clock reaction, colour changes after a time delay.

A chemical clock (or clock reaction) is a complex mixture of

chemical compounds in which the onset of an observable property (discoloration or coloration) occurs after a predictable induction time due to the presence of clock species at a detectable amount.[1]
In cases where one of the reagents has a visible color, crossing a concentration threshold can lead to an abrupt color change after a reproducible time lapse.

Types

Clock reactions may be classified into three or four types:[2]

Substrate-depletive clock reaction

The simplest clock reaction featuring two reactions:[2]

A → C (rate k1)
B + C → products (rate k2, fast)

When substrate (B) is present, the clock species (C) is quickly consumed in the second reaction. Only when substrate B is all used up or depleted, species C can build up in amount causing the color to change. An example for this clock reaction is the sulfite/iodate reaction or iodine clock reaction, also known as Landolt's reaction.

Sometimes, a clock reaction involves the production of intermediate species in three consecutive reactions.

P + Q → R
R + Q → C
P + C → 2R

Given that Q is in excess, when substrate (P) is depleted, C builds up resulting in the change in color.

Autocatalysis-driven clock reaction

The basis of the reaction is similar to substrate-depletive clock reaction, except for the fact that rate k2 is very slow leading to the co-existing of substrates and clock species, so there is no need for substrate to be depleted to observe the change in color. The example for this clock is pentathionate/iodate reaction.[2][3]

Pseudoclock behavior

The reactions in this category behave like a clock reaction, however they are irreproducible, unpredictable and hard to control. Examples are chlorite/thiosulfate and iodide/chlorite reactions.[2]

Crazy clock reaction

The reaction is irreproducible in each run due to the initial inhomogeneity of the mixture which result from variation in stirring rate, overall volume as well as geometry of the reactors. Repeating the reaction in the statistically meaningful manners leads to the reproducible cumulative probability distribution curve. The example for this clock is iodate/arsenous acid reaction.[4]

One reaction may fall into more than one classification above depending on the circumstance. For example, iodate−arsenous acid reaction can be substrate-depletive clock reaction, autocatalysis-driven clock reaction and crazy clock reaction.

Examples

One class of example is the

triiodide-starch complex
.

Additional reagents can be added to some chemical clocks to build a

manganese sulfate.[5]

See also

References

  1. doi:10.1021/ed079p40
    .
  2. ^
    PMID 25425415
    .
  3. PMID 25068832.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  4. PMID 26239390.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  5. ISSN 0021-9584
    .
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