Clean and press
The clean and press is a two-part
Movement
Clean phase
In the
At the same time, the arms are brought up with the elbows extended in front of the chest so the bar may now lie across or "rest" across the palms, the front of the
Press phase
Once the bar is on the anterior deltoids, the lifter proceeds to the press, pushing the bar overhead and locking it out with completely extended arms.[4] Jerking movements, bending of the legs, excessive backward leaning, or displacement of the feet are prohibited.[5]
Removal from the Olympics
By the 1950s, lax enforcement of the rules in international competition had allowed the press phase of the lift, by rule an upright, rigid body movement performed by the shoulders and arms, to evolve into a "layback" movement that utilized the larger muscles of the legs, hips, and torso, enabling the lifter to "cheat" to lift more weight.[4][6] Historian John D. Fair wrote: "The rules had been clear about maintaining a vertical position and disallowing bending of the legs since the 1930s, but much depended on how these movements were interpreted and the political dispositions of officials and juries."[7] In 1964, Olympic weightlifting referee George W. Kirkley wrote that the "clause of the rule which defines the permitted lean-back as 'not exaggerated' is in my view a weak spot, because it is virtually impossible to get any universal agreement of interpretation as to what constitutes 'exaggerated.'"[8]
After World War II, the situation was compounded by Cold War tensions: in 1956, Bob Hoffman, coach of the U.S. Olympic weightlifting team, accused international judges of pro-Soviet, anti-American bias, disqualifying legal American presses and allowing rule-breaking Soviet ones.[9][10] Fair, however, while acknowledging the Soviet role in the erosion of press form, wrote that "the twin trends of loose pressing and lax officiating were well in place" before the Soviets entered international competition.[11] The International Weightlifting Federation resolved the situation by removing the clean and press from the Olympic weightlifting program after the 1972 games in Munich.[12][13]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Clean and Jerk". exrx.net. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ a b "EXPLORING THE BIOMECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WEIGHTLIFTING JERK". academia.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ "Clean". exrx.net. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
- ^ ISBN 978-81-7028-852-7.
- ^ Hoffman, Bob (1963). Guide to Weight Lifting Competition. Urbana-Champaign, Illinois: Strength and Health Publishing Company. p. 2.
- ISBN 978-1-61243-466-7.
- doi:10.2307/43610198. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
- ^ Kirkley, George W. (1964). Weight Lifting and Weight Training. New York: Arc Books. p. 94.
- ^ Hoffman, Bob (January 1956). "You Can't Win". Strength & Health. York, Pennsylvania: York Barbell Company.
- The Los Angeles Times. The Associated Press. 1956-11-21. p. C2.
- doi:10.2307/43610198. Retrieved 2020-09-07.
- ISBN 978-0-982-5227-3-8.
- ISBN 0-86720-139-8.