Cytoneme

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Cytonemes take up and transport morphogens. This micrograph shows tissues from a Drosophila larva whose tracheal cells are marked with membrane-tethered mCherry fluorescent protein. Some of the cytonemes that extend from the tracheal branch contact the underlying wing imaginal disc and transport the Dpp morphogen protein (marked with green fluorescent protein) to the tracheal cells.[citation needed]

Cytonemes are thin, cellular projections that are specialized for exchange of signaling proteins between cells.[1] Cytonemes emanate from cells that make signaling proteins, extending directly to cells that receive signaling proteins.[2] Cytonemes also extend directly from cells that receive signaling proteins to cells that make them.[1][3][4]

A cytoneme is a type of

filopodium - a thin, tubular extension of a cell’s plasma membrane that has a core composed of tightly bundled, parallel actin filaments. Filopodia can extend more than 100 μm and have been measured as thin as 0.1 μm and as thick as 0.5 μm. Cytonemes with a diameter of approximately 0.2 μm and as long as 80 μm have been observed in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc.[1]

Many cell types have filopodia. The functions of filopodia have been attributed to pathfinding of

tunneling nanotubes[24] and dendrites. The term cytoneme was coined to denote the presence of cytoplasm in their interior (cyto-) and their finger-like appearance (-neme), and to distinguish their role as signaling, rather than structural or force-generating, organelles.[citation needed
]

Filopodia with behaviors suggestive of roles in sensing patterning information were first observed in sea urchin embryos,

neutrophils.[39] Recent observations suggest that cytonemes have also an important role during vertebrate development. Recent observations suggest that cytonemes also have an important role during development of the zebrafish neural plate[40] where they transport Wnt8a and of the chick limb where they transport Sonic hedgehog.[41]

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