David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre

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Sombre

David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre (18 December 1808 – 1 July 1851),

Anglo-Indian held to be the first person of Indian descent to be elected to the British Parliament. He was elected to represent the Sudbury constituency in July 1841 but was removed in April 1842 due to bribery in the election.[2]
He was named after the
British Resident at Delhi, David Ochterlony.[3]

Lineage and background

David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre was the great-grandson of

mercenary soldier who lived for many years in India. Walter Reinhardt Sombre had two wives, both of whom were Indian Muslim women; the senior wife is known only as Badi Bibi ("senior lady"), while the second wife was Begum Samru (c. 1753–1836). The name "Samru" is the local corruption of the name "Sombre", and Begum, a Kashmiri Muslim by birth, converted in 1781 to the Catholic faith. A wealthy woman, she was left with no surviving children or grandchildren in her old age. Her husband had only one son by Badi Bibi his first wife; that young man, who died in 1799, had left behind a daughter named Juliana, who married a man named George Alexander Dyce and gave birth to several children, including David Ochterlony Dyce. He was selected by Begum Samru, the second wife of his great-grandfather, to succeed to her vast estates. He thereupon added the surname "Sombre" to his existing names and came to be known as David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre. [citation needed
]

The details are as follows. The mercenary soldier Walter Reinhardt Sombre (c. 1725–1778) had one son by his senior wife, Badi Bibi. The boy, born in 1764, was initially named Zafar Yab Khan and was raised more or less as a Muslim by his mother in a mixed household. However, he accepted Catholic baptism in 1781 (aged 17), three years after the death of his Catholic father. Incidentally, his widowed stepmother, Begum Samru, also accepted Catholic baptism at the same time. Upon his baptism, the young man's name was changed to "Walter Balthazzar Reinhardt," or (according to a biography of his grandson) "Aloysius Balthazzar Reinhardt."[4]

He married Julia Anne (or Juliana) Le Fevre (1770–1815), daughter of a captain in Begum Samru's service. Julia Anna was also known as Juliana, as Madame Reybaud and as Bhai Begum. The couple had two children, a son, Aloysius Reinhardt, who died young and is buried in the Akbar Church in

Anglo-Indian) son of a Major General Dyce. This couple had several children, of whom four are mentioned in subsequent papers and histories; they are:[6]

  1. David Ochterlony (b. 18 December 1808), the subject of this entry,
  2. George Archibald (b. 1 August 1810, died within a year),
  3. Anna Maria (b. 24 December 1813) married John Rose Troup, a former East India Company general.
  4. Georgiana (b. 2 September 1807; alternatively 1815–1867). She married an Italian mercenary soldier named Paolo Solaroli (1796–1878) who was later to become a wealthy and ranking aristocrat. Born into a humble family from Novara,
    Vittorio Emmanuele II. He had descendants and left them an enormous estate at his death. His castle was acquired in 1864 by the government.[7] In the 1840s, he was styled Baron Paolo Solaroli, but was referred to by his sister-in-law, Anna Maria (Ochterlony) Troup, and her lawyers as Peter Solaroli.[citation needed
    ]

Religious position

Although educated by Protestant missionaries, David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre was brought up as a Catholic. He added Sombre to his name on being formally nominated by the Begam as her sole heir and successor. She transferred to him her wealth, and the administration of her principality but her attempts to have him accepted by the British as ruler on her death were to no avail.[citation needed]

When the Begam died in 1836, the British took possession of Sardhana, all the arms which she had brought from them to equip her army, as well as the lands of Badshapur, which were her private property. They also failed to honour undertakings to continue the many pensions paid from the revenue. David's attempts to have these wrongs rectified were unsuccessful, although compensation for the arms was eventually granted long after his death. He was embroiled in attempts by his father to grab his fortune. His personal life was marked by extravagant spending – gambling, womanising, and even the occasional pimping – to please European friends and better-off Anglo-Indian friends such as

Sir Charles Metcalfe Ochterlony.[8]

Marriage

The Honourable Mary Anne Jervis, at age 18

After a visit to China, David set out for England and the Grand Tour of Europe. He married on 26 September 1840 the Honourable Mary Anne Jervis, third daughter of the

Duke of Wellington
; the marriage took place despite quarrels over his fiancée's social life and the religious affiliation of their future (and never born) children. He also got himself elected as MP for Sudbury in July 1841 and was then deposed in April 1842 after objections from the loser. He accused his wife of adultery with various men including her father, and his life turned for the worse when his wife had him certified insane and held under restraint, with the support and consent of his sisters Mrs Anna May Troup (1812–1867) and Baroness Georgiana Solaroli (1815–1867) and their husbands.

Escape, medical reports and death

In September of that year, David escaped his guards and fled to France, where an attempt to have him extradited failed. Doctors all over Europe examined him and found he was perfectly sane, but his attempts to reverse the judgement were brushed aside. He managed to obtain part of his estate with an allowance of 4,000 pounds deducted for his wife. Meanwhile, he travelled from one end of Europe to the other. Finally, with a change of Government, there seemed a chance of success. He returned to England with indemnity from arrest, but a few days before the case was due to be heard he died suddenly in excruciating agony from a septic foot on 1 July 1851.[10][11]

He was buried at once in an unmarked grave, which has not been touched since, yet his body was also returned to India to be buried in Sardhana. His will provided for the establishment of a school in Sardhana[12] was contested by his estranged wife, whom he had disinherited, on the grounds that he was still insane. She won the case sometime around 1856. Later on, she was also known as Lady Forester, through her marriage to George Weld-Forester, 3rd Baron Forester on 8 November 1862. The former Mrs Dyce Sombre died childless in 1893, and her fortune presumably passed to the Weld-Forester family.

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-115-90721-7
    .
  2. ISBN 81-7824-154-4
    .
  3. ^ "Sardhana Church". www.sardhanachurch.org.
  4. ^ a b "Sardhana Church". sardhanachurch.org.
  5. ^ Sombre, David Ochterlony Dyce (1849). Mr. Dyce Sombre's Refutation of the Charge of Lunacy Brought Against Him in the Court of Chancery. Dyce Sombre. p. 159 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ^ Oxford DNB 18 December 2006 daily entry gives the daughters' names and dates as Anna May (1812–1867) and Georgiana (1815–1867) archived version on a mailing list
  7. ISBN 9780521522298
    – via Google Books.
  8. ISBN 978-0-231-70108-2.more details from Amazon CUP description
    : "The descendent of German and French Catholic mercenaries, a Scots Presbyterian subaltern, and their secluded Indian wives, David Ochterlony Dyce Sombre (1808–1851) defied all classification in the North Indian principality where he grew up. He also lived as the adopted child of a Muslim courtesan, a woman who would transform herself into the wildly successful, Catholic ruler of a small, cosmopolitan kingdom....Accusations of spousal mistreatment led to Sombre's arrest and confinement. Termed a "chancery lunatic", he fled to France and spent years reclaiming his sanity and fortune. Sombre's efforts set new precedents for international and medical law....
  9. ^ Christopher Howse. [1]. Mary Anne's status as a daughter by a second wife is obtained from other sources. Howse describes her father as a Jamaican plantationer, not as a Protestant peer.
  10. ^ "Opinion". 16 March 2016. Archived from the original on 19 November 2009 – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  11. PMID 22567603
    .
  12. ^ "WILL OF MR. DYCE SOMBRE. (Hansard, 14 March 1856)". api.parliament.uk.

External links

Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Member of Parliament for
Frederick Meynell Villiers
 		Constituency disfranchised for corruption
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