Defence-class ironclad
_after_1866.jpg) Defence as she appeared after 1866
| |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Name | Defense-class ironclad |
| Builders | |
| Operators |  Royal Navy |
| Preceded by | Warrior class |
| Succeeded by | Hector class |
| Built | 1859–1862 |
| In service | 1861–1935 |
| In commission | 1861–1885 |
| Completed | 2 |
| Scrapped | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Armoured frigate |
| Displacement | 6,070–6,150 long tons (6,170–6,250 t) |
| Length |
|
| Beam | 54 ft 2 in (16.5 m) |
| Draught |
|
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | 1 shaft; 1 trunk steam engine |
| Sail plan | Barque rigged |
| Speed | 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph) |
| Range | 1,670 nmi (3,090 km; 1,920 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) |
| Complement | 460 |
| Armament |
|
| Armour | |
The Defence-class ironclads were a
muzzle-loading smoothbore guns, but the Armstrong
breech-loading guns proved unreliable and were withdrawn from service after a few years.
Both ships were initially assigned to the
paid off in 1880 and was used as a target for gunnery and torpedo trials beginning in 1885. She was sold for ship breaking in 1898, but wrecked en route to the breaker's yard. Defence was paid off in 1885 and she became a stationary training ship
in 1890 until she was sold for scrap in 1935.
Background
In 1859 the
Controller of the Navy, proposed that six ships be built to this design, but he was over-ruled and only two were ordered on 14 December 1859.[1]
The Admiralty's decision saddled the Royal Navy with a pair of ships that could not operate with the Warriors in a tactical
naval architect Sir Nathaniel Barnaby, a future Constructor of the Navy, considered that a Defence-class ship was worth one quarter of a Warrior in terms of combat, although they cost about two-thirds as much.[1]
Description
The Defence class was 280 feet (85.3 m)
double bottom. Each ship had a complement of 460 officers and ratings. The Defence class was 128 feet 8 inches (39.2 m) shorter overall and displaced more than 3,000 long tons (3,000 t) less than the Warrior-class ironclads.[5]
Propulsion
The Defence-class ships had a single two-cylinder
kW) during sea trials which gave the ships maximum speeds of 11.23–11.4 knots (20.80–21.11 km/h; 12.92–13.12 mph). They carried 450 long tons (460 t) of coal,[8] enough to steam 1,670 nautical miles (3,090 km; 1,920 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph).[3]
The ironclads were barque-rigged and had a sail area of 24,500 square feet (2,276 m2).[7] The lower masts and bowsprit were made of iron to withstand the shock of ramming. Both ships could make about 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph) under sail alone. To reduce wind resistance while under sail alone, the funnel was semi-retractable. Similarly, the propeller could be hoisted up into the stern of the ship to reduce drag while under sail.[9]
Armament
The armament of the Defence-class ships was intended to be 18
solid shot.[11] During construction the armament was changed to six (Defence) or eight (Resistance) of the new Armstrong rifled 7" breech-loading 110-pounder guns, ten 68-pounders, and either two 32-pounder smoothbores (Resistance) or four breech-loading 5-inch (127 mm) guns (Defence).[12][Note 2] The innovative 9,520-pound (4,318 kg) 110-pounder, whose 7-inch (178 mm) shell could reach 4,000 yards (3,700 m)[13] was in short supply when the ironclads were launched,[10] and poor results in armour-penetration tests halted plans to fully equip the ironclads with this gun.[13] Furthermore, the 110-pounders proved problematic in service. They were labour-intensive to load and fire,[14] and some of them blew up when other ships used them in action.[15][16] After that, they were only used with a reduced propellant charge, which left them useless in practice.[17]
Both ships were rearmed in the late 1860s with 14
amidships on the main deck on the broadside and a pair of seven-inch guns were mounted on the upper deck as fore and aft chase guns. Eight of the remaining seven-inch guns were also placed on the main deck on the broadside where they were protected by the ship's armour, but one pair was on the main deck further aft where they were not protected by armour. The two ships differed where the last pair of seven-inch guns was positioned: Defence mounted them on the main deck, forward of the armour, while Resistance mounted hers on the upper deck.[19]
The shell of the eight-inch (203 mm) weighed 175 pounds (79.4 kg) while the gun itself weighed 9 long tons (9.1 t). It had a
muzzle. The 6.5-long-ton (6.6 t) seven-inch gun fired a 112 pounds (50.8 kg) shell and could penetrate 7.7-inch (196 mm) armour.[20] All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.[21]
Armour
Brassey's Naval Annual
1888; the shaded area shows the ship's armourThe Defence-class ships had a wrought iron armour belt, 4.5 inches (114 mm) thick, that covered 140 feet (42.7 m) amidships. The armour extended from upper deck level to six feet (1.8 m) below the waterline.[19] Transverse bulkheads 4.5 inches thick protected the guns on the main deck from raking fire. The armour was backed by 18 inches (460 mm) of teak. The ends of the ship were left entirely unprotected which meant that the steering gear was very vulnerable. They were, however, sub-divided into many watertight compartments to minimize any flooding.[22]
Ships
| Ship | Builder[4] | Laid down[4]
|
Launched[4] | Commissioned[4] | Fate | Cost |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Defence | Palmers, Jarrow | 14 December 1859 | 24 April 1861 | 4 December 1861 | Scrapped, 1935[23] | £252,422[1] |
| Resistance | Westwood, Baillie, Cubitt Town, London | 21 December 1859 | 11 April 1861 | 2 July 1862 | Sold for scrap, 1898, foundered under tow, 4 March 1899,[24] later raised and broken up[7] | £258,120[1] |
Service
HMS Defence was assigned to the Channel Squadron upon completion in 1862. The ship was
paid off in 1866 to refit and be re-armed and was briefly reassigned to the Channel Squadron again when she recommissioned in 1868. Defence had brief tours on the North American and Mediterranean Stations, from 1869 to 1872, then refitted again from 1872 to 1874. She became guard ship on the Shannon when she recommissioned. The ship was assigned to the Channel Squadron a third time in 1876, and in 1879 became guard ship on the Mersey until 1885. Defence was then placed in reserve. In 1890, she was assigned to the mechanical training school at Devonport. She was renamed Indus when the school adopted that name and served there until sold in 1935.[25]
HMS Resistance was the first
decommissioned in 1880 and was used for gunnery and torpedo trials beginning in 1885. The ship was sold for scrap in 1898 and foundered the following year en route to the breaker's yard. Her wreck was later salvaged and scrapped.[26]
Notes
- ^ Ironclad is the all-encompassing term for armoured warships of this period. Armoured frigates were basically designed for the same role as traditional wooden frigates, but this later changed as the size and expense of these ships forced them to be used in the line of battle.
- ^ No such gun ever entered RN service during this time; these may have been experimental 70-pounder Armstrong guns developed in parallel with the 40- and 110-pounder guns or the 40-pounder gun called by its calibre, rounding upwards.
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d e Parkes, p. 25
- ^ Brown, p. 14
- ^ a b Silverstone, p. 157
- ^ a b c d e Ballard, p. 241
- ^ Ballard, pp. 164–165, 241
- ^ Ballard, p. 246
- ^ a b c Chesneau & Kolesnik, p. 8
- ^ Ballard, pp. 246–247
- ^ Ballard, pp. 164–166
- ^ a b Parkes, p. 27
- ^ Lambert, p. 108
- ^ Parkes, pp. 27–28
- ^ a b Lambert, p. 103
- ^ Holley, Alexander Lyman (1865). A Treatise on Ordnance and Armor. New York: D Van Nostrand. p. 602.
- ^ "W.L. Clowes on the Anglo-Japanese hostilities of 1863–1864". Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ "The Armstrong Guns in Japan". The Times. 25 April 1864. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 4 August 2013.
- ^ Owen, Lieutenant-Colonel C. H. (1873). The principles and practice of modern artillery (Second ed.). London: John Murray. p. 52.
- ^ Ballard, p. 165
- ^ a b Parkes, p. 28
- ^ Roberts, p. 6
- ^ Lambert, pp. 108–109
- ^ Ballard, pp. 165, 244
- ^ Silverstone, p. 225
- ^ Silverstone, p. 262
- ^ Ballard, pp. 168–169
- ^ Ballard, pp. 167–168
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Defence class battleship.
- ISBN 0-87021-924-3.)
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - Brown, David K. (1997). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-022-1.
- Dodson, Aidan (2015), "The Incredible Hulks: The Fisgard Training Establishment and Its Ships", Warship 2015, London: Conway, pp. 29–43, ISBN 978-1-84486-276-4
- Jones, Colin (1996). "Entente Cordiale, 1865". In McLean, David & ISBN 0-85177-685-X.
- Lambert, Andrew (2010). HMS Warrior 1860: Victoria's Ironclad Deterrent (2nd revised and expanded ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-382-6.
- Parkes, Oscar (1990) [1957]. British Battleships. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
- Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
- Winfield, R.; Lyon, D. (2004). The Sail and Steam Navy List: All the Ships of the Royal Navy 1815–1889. London: Chatham Publishing. OCLC 52620555.