Depressive realism
Depressive realism is the hypothesis developed by
Evidence for
When participants were asked to press a button and rate the control they perceived they had over whether or not a light turned on, depressed individuals made more accurate ratings of control than non-depressed individuals.[5] Among participants asked to complete a task and rate their performance without any feedback, depressed individuals made more accurate self-ratings than non-depressed individuals.[6][7][8][9] For participants asked to complete a series of tasks, given feedback on their performance after each task, and who self-rated their overall performance after completing all the tasks, depressed individuals were again more likely to give an accurate self-rating than non-depressed individuals.[10][11][12][13][14][15] When asked to evaluate their performance both immediately and some time after completing a task, depressed individuals made accurate appraisals both immediately before and after time had passed.[16]
In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the brain, depressed patients were shown to be more accurate in their causal attributions of positive and negative social events than non-depressed participants, who demonstrated a positive bias.[17] This difference was also reflected in the differential activation of the fronto-temporal network, higher activation for non self-serving attributions in non-depressed participants and for self-serving attributions in depressed patients, and reduced coupling of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex seed region and the limbic areas when depressed patients made self-serving attributions.
Evidence against
When asked to rate both their performance and the performance of others, non-depressed individuals demonstrated positive bias when rating themselves but no bias when rating others. Depressed individuals conversely showed no bias when rating themselves but a positive bias when rating others.[18][19][20]
When assessing participant thoughts in public versus private settings, the thoughts of non-depressed individuals were more optimistic in public than private, while depressed individuals were less optimistic in public.[21][22][23][24][clarification needed]
When asked to rate their performance immediately after a task and after some time had passed, depressed individuals were more accurate when they rated themselves immediately after the task but were more negative after time had passed whereas non-depressed individuals were positive immediately after and some time after.[10][14]
Although depressed individuals make accurate judgments about having no control in situations where they in fact have no control, this appraisal also carries over to situations where they do have control, suggesting that the depressed perspective is not more accurate overall.[25]
One study suggested that in real-world settings, depressed individuals are actually less accurate and more overconfident in their predictions than their non-depressed peers.[26] Participants' attributional accuracy may also be more related to their overall attributional style rather than the presence and severity of their depressive symptoms.[27]
Criticism of the evidence
Some have argued that the evidence is not more conclusive because no standard for reality exists, the diagnoses are dubious, and the results may not apply to the real world.
See also
- Defensive pessimism – Cognitive strategy for preparation
- Depression – State of low mood and aversion to activity
- Dunning–Kruger effect – Cognitive bias about one's own skill
- Dysthymia – Mental disorder characterized by chronic depression
- List of cognitive biases – Systematic patterns of deviation from norm or rationality in judgment
- Major depressive disorder – Mental disorder involving persistent low mood, low self-esteem, and loss of interest
- Perspective– Concept of personal perspective in philosophy
- Philosophical pessimism – Family of philosophical views
- Positivity offset – Phenomenon where people tend to interpret a situation more positively than it is
- Self-serving bias – Distortion to enhance self-esteem, or to see oneself overly favorably
References
- ^ a b Alloy, L.B.; Abramson, L.Y. (1988). Depressive realism: four theoretical perspectives.
- ^ Beck, A.T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, experimental, and theoretical aspects. Vol. 32. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- ISBN 9780898629194.
- PMID 3680754.
- ^ S2CID 18002755.
- ^ Alloy, L.B.; Abramson, L.Y.; Kossman, D.A. (1985), "The judgment of predictability in depressed and nondepressed college students", in Brush, F.R.; Overmeir, J.B. (eds.), Affect, conditioning, and cognition: Essays on the determinants of behavior, Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 229–246
- S2CID 54890341.
- ^ Musson, R.F.; Alloy, L.B. (1989). "Depression, self-consciousness, and judgments of control: A test of the self-focused attention hypothesis". Unpublished.
- PMID 3559899.
- ^ S2CID 12735350.
- S2CID 40508547.
- S2CID 24017766.
- PMID 422802.
- ^ PMID 903490.
- .
- ^ Wenzlaff, R.M.; Berman, J. S. (August 1985), Judgmental accuracy in depression, The Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Los Angeles
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: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - PMID 22377511.
- S2CID 25349029.
- ^ Javna, C.D. (1981), "Depressed and nondepressed college students' interpretations of and memory for feedback about self and others", Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
- PMID 3585706.
- PMID 4078679.
- PMID 649845.
- PMID 7057358.
- PMID 6842366.
- PMID 2926638.
- PMID 1960645. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-11-19. Retrieved 2011-01-02.
- S2CID 15551427.
- ^ PMID 22717337.
- S2CID 30043741.
- PMID 15702960. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2011-06-29.
Further reading
- Adelson, Rachel (April 2005). "Probing the puzzling workings of 'depressive realism'". APA Monitor. 36 (4): 30.
- Cummins, R.A.; Nistico, H. (2002). "Maintaining life satisfaction: The role of positive cognitive bias". Journal of Happiness Studies. 3: 37–69. S2CID 58940818.
- Taylor, Shelley E.; Armor, David A. (December 1996). "Positive Illusions and Coping with Adversity". Journal of Personality. 64 (4): 873–898. PMID 8956516.
- Hayden, Ben (2011). "Depressive Realism May Not Be Real". Psychology Today.