Diffusing-wave spectroscopy

Diffusing-wave spectroscopy (DWS) is an optical technique derived from

• 
  Typical setup of diffusing-wave spectroscopy

The signal is analysed by calculating the intensity autocorrelation function called g₂. ${\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle _{t}}{\langle I(t)\rangle _{t}^{2}}}}$

For the case of non-interacting particles suspended in a (complex) fluid a direct relation between g₂-1 and the mean squared displacement of the particles <Δr²> can be established. Let us note P(s) the probability density function (PDF) of the photon path length s. The relation can be written as follows:^[3]

${\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=[\int {dsP(s)\exp(-(s/l*)k_{0}^{2}\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle )}]^{2}}$

with ${\displaystyle k_{0}={\frac {2\pi n}{\lambda }}}$ and ${\displaystyle l*}$ is the transport mean free path of scattered light.

For simple cell geometries, it is thus possible to calculate the mean squared displacement of the particles <Δr²> from the measured g₂-1 values analytically. For example, for the backscattering geometry, an infinitely thick cell, large laser spot illumination and detection of photons coming from the center of the spot, the relationship between g₂-1 and <Δr²> is:

${\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )-1=\exp \left(-2\gamma {\sqrt {\langle \Delta r^{2}(\tau )\rangle k_{0}^{2}}}\right)}$, γ value is around 2.

For less thick cells and in transmission, the relationship depends also on l* (the transport length).^[4]

For quasi-transparent cells, an angle-independent variant method called cavity amplified scattering spectroscopy^[5] makes use of an integrating sphere to isotropically probe samples from all directions, elongating photon paths through the sample in the process, allowing for the study of low turbidity samples under the DWS formalism.

Multispeckle diffusing-wave spectroscopy (MSDWS)

This technique either uses a camera to detect many speckle grains (see

• 
  Typical setup of Multispeckle Diffusing-wave spectroscopy

${\displaystyle g_{2}(\tau )={\frac {\langle I(t)I(t+\tau )\rangle _{p}}{\langle I(t)\rangle _{p}^{2}}}}$

MSDWS is particularly adapted for the study of slow dynamics and non ergodic media. Echo-DWS allows seamless integration of MSDWS in a traditional DWS-scheme with superior temporal resolution down to 12 ns.^[7] Camera based adaptive image processing allows online measurement of particle dynamics for example during drying.^[8]

References