Doctorandus
Doctorandus (drs., Dutch pronunciation: .
In Dutch, the words doctoraal and doctoraat have different meanings, the first referring to the doctorandus, the second word referring to the doctorate phase or title. The word 'doctorandus' is based on the traditional principle that this degree is a prerequisite and intermediate step for obtaining a doctorate title. However, in the twentieth century the doctorandi have become considered to be graduates and when they can choose a scientific career, they do so usually as a paid
Netherlands
According to Dutch legislation, the Dutch doctorandus degree is equivalent to the
The abbreviation is drs. This means that Dutch graduates who received the doctorandus title may sign like drs. A. Jansen. After the
- Those who received their doctorandus title before the Bologna process have the option of signing like A. Jansen, M, since the old doctorandus title (from before the Bologna process) is similar to a master's degree, and the shortcut M may officially be used in order to render such title as an international title.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] This is especially useful when one has a combination of pre-Bologna and post-Bologna titles and degrees, since a combination of one or more recognized Dutch titles with one or more international degrees is not allowed.[8] According to the Dutch Department of Education, "The termination 'of Arts' or the termination 'of Science' are namely legally protected and may only be used by those who have got a degree therein after the introduction of the Bachelor/Master curricula (2002)."[7] In this respect, titles received before 1 September 2002 are considered old titles, while titles received after this date are considered new titles.[3][6] The old titles ir., mr. or drs. may be borne as M behind one's name, since the Art. 7.22a of the Dutch Law on higher education and scientific research refers to the old Art. 7.21 of this law, which allowed those who bear such titles to use the M (from Master) behind their names; Art. 7.22a maintains the application of the old Art. 7.21 proviso for the old titles although the old Art. 7.21 article has been revoked (i.e. it does not apply to new titles).[9]
- Those who received their master's degree from Dutch research universities after the Bologna process in other fields than agriculture, natural environment, technical field and law may also bear the title doctorandus and alternatively have the option of signing like A. Jansen, MA or A. Jansen, MSc,[10] but only as specified on their diploma. In this case, either a MA or a MSc is granted, which entitles one to bear the title doctorandus. This means that people who have graduated soon after 1 September 2002 have no (separate) bachelor's degree, but only a master's degree, which is their first degree.
Belgium
In
Indonesia
The degree was also used in Indonesia until 1994 (because of Indonesia being a former colony of the Netherlands), where it was given to all bachelors except law, agriculture, natural environment, and engineering. The title ir. for academic engineers is still used in Indonesia by those who obtained their degree before 1994.
In other countries
In Sweden and Estonia the term is used in the form: "doktorand", with the same etymology: he who should become a doctor (but dropping the gender qualifier) to refer to a student reading for his or her doctorate. However, it is not a formal title and is never written abbreviated. Similarly, in Romania it is "doctorand", abbreviated "drd."
References
- ^ Art. 7.20 WHW
- ^ Art. 7.19a WHW
- ^ a b Titulatuur Nederland Archived September 30, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organization — this source denies that one may bear a Bologna-style bachelor's or master's degree instead of the old titles.
- ^ Opleidingen en titels Archived February 10, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science.
- ^ Titulatuur Archived March 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine website of the government of the Netherlands.
- ^ a b Vraag en antwoord. Welke titel mag ik voeren na het voltooien van een opleiding in het hoger onderwijs? website of the Royal Government — this source affirms that those who have an old ir., mr. or drs. title may optionally use M (from Master) behind their names, instead of the shortcut before their names.
- ^ a b "Citizens' questions letter from Dutch Department of Education, Culture and Science" (PDF). Members.home.nl. 8 September 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
- ^ a b Drs. A Jansen, MBA? Archived 2011-08-08 at the Wayback Machine OnzeTaal.
- ^ a b "Message from the website" (PDF). members.home.nl. 29 August 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2021. NVAO Communication Department.
- ^ Art. 7.19a, section 2, subsections f and g of the Dutch Law on higher education and scientific research.
External links
- "doctorandus"[permanent dead link] in the Nuffic Glossary (Dutch-English terminology for describing higher education in the Netherlands)