Doctrine of the two swords

In

Gelasian doctrine of "the sacred authority of the priesthood and the royal power".^[1]

This particular exegesis of "here are two swords ... it is enough" was first put forward by

By the early 13th century, the two swords were the subject of serious study and debate among

Emperor Frederick II in 1228, it was on the basis of a claim to control both swords. In any case, however, churchmen could not bear actual swords; the material swords was to be wielded by laymen, even if under papal authority.^[2]

References

^ ^a ^b Patrick Stephen Healy, "Two Swords, Doctrine of the", in Robert E. Bjork (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2010).
^ Brett Edward Whalen, The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), p. 37.

External links

Media related to Doctrine of the Two Swords at Wikimedia Commons

[PSH-1] Patrick Stephen Healy, "Two Swords, Doctrine of the", in Robert E. Bjork (ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (Oxford University Press, 2010).

[BEW-2] Brett Edward Whalen, The Two Powers: The Papacy, the Empire, and the Struggle for Sovereignty in the Thirteenth Century (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019), p. 37.

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