Dryandra ser. Aphragma
Dryandra ser. Aphragma is an obsolete series within the former genus Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra). It was first published at sectional rank by Robert Brown in 1830, and was retained at that rank until 1999, when Alex George demoted it to a series. It was discarded in 2007 when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sank Dryandra into Banksia.
According to Brown
Aphragma was first published by Brown in his 1830
D. sect. Aphragma was defined as containing four species which Brown thought lacked seed separators.[1] The epithet Aphragma is from the Greek a- ("without") and phragma ("barrier"). The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Brown's 1830 arrangement may be summarised as follows:
- Dryandra (now B. ser. Dryandra)
- Dryandra verae(18 species)
- D. sect. Diplophragma(1 species)
- D. sect. Aphragma
- D. nervosa (now B. alliacea)
- D. callophylla (now B. calophylla)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia)
- Hemiclidia(1 species)
According to Meissner
In 1856, Carl Meissner published a revision of Dryandra. He retained all three of Brown's sections, and the circumscription given to D. sect. Aphragma was much the same, the only differences being the demotion of D. blechnifolia to a variety of D. pteridifolia, and the inclusion of D. drummondii (now B. drummondii), which had been published in 1848. The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Meissner's arrangement thus looks like this:[3]
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. sect. Eudryandra(8 series, 47 species, 7 varieties)
- D. sect. Diplophragma(2 species)
- D. sect. Aphragma
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. pteridifolia var. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia)
- D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)
- D. calophylla var. acaulis (now B. drummondii subsp. drummondii)
- D. nervosa (now Banksia alliacea)
- D. drummondii (now Banksia drummondii)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- Hemiclidia(1 species)
According to Bentham
D. sect. Aphragma was retained by
The placement and circumscription of D. sect. Aphragma in Bentham's arrangement is as follows:[4]
- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. sect. Eudryandra
- D. sect. Aphragma
- D. tenuifolia (now B. tenuis)
- D. proteoides (now B. proteoides)
- D. proteoides var. ferruginea (now B. rufa)
- D. runcinata (now B. rufa subsp. rufa)
- D. obtusa (now B. obtusa)
- D. bipinnatifida (now B. bipinnatifida)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)
Bentham's arrangement would stand for well over a hundred years, with one minor exception. In 1903
According to George
In 1996, Alex George demoted D. sect. Aphragma to a series within D. subg. Dryandra. He did not accept the previous definitions of the series, but nonetheless accepted the basic circumscription as sound; he instead used a range of flower, seed and leaf characters.[6] The placement and circumscription of D. ser. Aphragma in George's arrangement, as amended in 1999[7] and 2005,[8] may be summarised as follows:
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- Dryandra (now Banksia ser. Dryandra)
- D. subg. Dryandra
- D. ser. Floribundae (1 species, 4 varieties)
- D. ser. Armatae (21 species, 7 subspecies, 4 varieties)
- D. ser. Marginatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Folliculosae(1 species, 5 varieties)
- D. ser. Acrodontae (4 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Capitellatae (2 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Ilicinae (3 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Dryandra (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Foliosae (3 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Decurrentes (1 species)
- D. ser. Tenuifoliae (2 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Runcinatae (4 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. ser. Triangulares (3 species, 3 subspecies)
- D. ser. Aphragma
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. pteridifolia subsp. inretita (now B. pteridifolia subsp. inretita)
- D. pteridifolia subsp. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia subsp. pteridifolia)
- D. pteridifolia subsp. vernalis (now B. pteridifolia subsp. vernalis)
- D. fililoba (now B. fililoba)
- D. shanklandiorum (now B. shanklandiorum)
- D. nervosa (now B. alliacea)
- D. blechnifolia (now B. pellaeifolia)
- D. porrecta (now B. porrecta)
- D. aurantia (now B. aurantia)
- D. calophylla (now B. calophylla)
- D. lepidorhiza (now B. lepidorhiza)
- D. pteridifolia (now B. pteridifolia)
- D. ser. Ionthocarpae(1 species, 2 subspecies)
- D. ser. Inusitatae(1 species)
- D. ser. Subulatae(1 species)
- D. ser. Gymnocephalae (11 species, 4 subspecies, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Concinnae (3 species)
- D. ser. Obvallatae (7 species, 2 varieties)
- D. ser. Pectinatae (1 species)
- D. ser. Acuminatae(1 species)
- D. ser. Niveae (7 species, 7 subspecies)
- D. subg. Hemiclidia (2 species)
- D. subg. Diplophragma (1 species)
- D. subg. Dryandra
Recent developments
Since 1998,
References
- ^ Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae. London: Taylor.
- ^ "Dryandra sect. Aphragma R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis. Vol. XIV. Paris: Sumptibus Sociorum Treuttel et Wurtz. pp. 467–481.
- ^ a b Bentham, George (1870). "Dryandra". Flora Australiensis. Vol. 5. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 562–584.
- ^ "Josephia sect. Aphragma (R.Br.) Kuntze". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- S2CID 92008567.
- ISBN 0-643-06454-0.
- S2CID 85921580. Archived from the original(PDF) on 27 November 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2009.
- doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- PMID 21665734.
- doi:10.1071/SB04015.)
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - doi:10.1071/SB06016.
External links
- "Dryandra ser. Aphragma (R.Br.) A.S.George". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
