Dualism (Indian philosophy)

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Dualism in Indian philosophy refers to the belief held by certain schools of

mind-body dualism in Western philosophy of mind,[citation needed
] but also have similarities with it.

Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the

Advaita ("nondualism") Vedanta embrace absolute monism and regard dualism as an illusion (maya
).

Buddhist philosophy

Dharmakīrti, a key theorist of Buddhist atomism.

During the classical era of Buddhist philosophy in India, philosophers such as Dharmakirti argued for a dualism between states of consciousness and Buddhist atoms (the basic building blocks that make up reality), according to the "standard interpretation" of Dharmakirti's Buddhist metaphysics.[1][page needed]

Samkhya and Yogic philosophy

While

substance dualism, by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.[2][3]

In

Prakriti)".[citation needed] The unconscious primordial materiality, Prakriti, contains 23 components including intellect (buddhi, mahat), ego (ahamkara) and mind (manas). Therefore, the intellect, mind and ego are all seen as forms of unconscious matter.[4] Thought processes and mental events are conscious only to the extent they receive illumination from Purusha. Consciousness is compared to light which illuminates the material configurations or 'shapes' assumed by the mind. So intellect after receiving cognitive structures form the mind and illumination from pure consciousness creates thought structures that appear to be conscious.[5] Ahamkara, the ego or the phenomenal self, appropriates all mental experiences to itself and thus, personalizes the objective activities of mind and intellect by assuming possession of them.[6] But consciousness is itself independent of the thought structures it illuminates.[5]

By including mind in the realm of matter, Samkhya Yoga avoids one of the most serious pitfalls of Cartesian dualism, the violation of physical conservation laws by involving something non-material (Cartesian mind) in human actions. Because in Samkhya Yoga mind is an evolute of matter, mental events are granted causal efficacy and are therefore able to initiate bodily motions.[7]

Dvaita philosophy

The

monistic conclusion of Vedas) is that God takes on a personal role and is seen as a real eternal entity that governs and controls the universe.[citation needed] Because the existence of individuals is grounded in the divine, they are depicted as reflections, images or even shadows of the divine, but never in any way identical with the divine. Salvation therefore is described as the realization that all finite reality is essentially dependent on the Supreme.[8]

See also

Notes

  1. ISBN 978-0791430989
    )
  2. ^ Haney, p. 17.
  3. ^ Isaac, p. 339.
  4. ^ Haney, p. 42.
  5. ^ a b Isaac, p. 342.
  6. ^ Leaman, p. 68.
  7. ^ Leaman, p. 248.
  8. ISBN 1-898723-93-1
    .

References
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