Elaine, Arkansas

Coordinates: 34°18′31″N 90°51′12″W / 34.30861°N 90.85333°W / 34.30861; -90.85333
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Elaine, Arkansas
FIPS code
05-20950
GNIS feature ID2403548[2]

Elaine is a small town in

2010 census
.

The city is best known as the location of the

Elaine massacre of September 30 – October 1, 1919, in which an estimated 237 black people were killed in the rural county by rampaging white mobs.[3][4] Five whites died in the events. This was one of the worst incidents of racial and labor violence in American history. Black sharecroppers were attempting to organize a farmers' union, which the planters resisted.[5][6]

History

See also: Elaine massacre

Phillips County was developed in the antebellum years for cotton plantations, which relied on the labor of enslaved African Americans. Their work produced the wealth of the major large planters. Cotton continued to be the major commodity crop into the 20th century in this area but, after the war, blacks often had to work as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. By the turn of the century, Arkansas and other southern states had

disenfranchised most blacks, excluding them from the political system, and imposed Jim Crow
laws.

Black sharecroppers began to try to organize a farmers' union after World War I. They were seeking better payment and accounting from white landowners of the area cotton plantations. Whites resisted any change and often tried to break up their meetings.

On September 30, 1919, two white men, including a local deputy, tried to break up a meeting of black sharecroppers who were trying to organize a farmers' union. After a white deputy was killed in a confrontation with guards at the meeting, word spread to town and around the area.

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
. Sharecroppers generally remained at a disadvantage in dealing with white landowners.

The county continues to rely on agriculture, but mechanization reduced the need for farm labor. Many African Americans left this area in the Great Migration of the early 20th century. In the 21st century, most farms are industrial scale. Some seasonal Hispanic migrant workers have been hired in this area since the late 20th century.

At 6:15 PM, April 26, 2011, a tornado – part of the 2011 Super Outbreak – hit the Elaine area.[7] The tornado was rated EF0, with estimated wind speeds of 75 miles per hour (121 km/h; 65 kn).[7] The tornado's path of destruction was 200 yards (180 m) wide and the tornado traveled a path of 21.5 miles (34.6 km) along Highway 61 and across the Mississippi state line, ending near Lula, Mississippi.[7] Most of the tornado's damage was concentrated in Friars Point and Coahoma, Mississippi.[7]

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2), all land.

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1920377—
193051135.5%
194063424.1%
195074417.4%
196089820.7%
19701,21034.7%
1980991−18.1%
1990846−14.6%
20008652.2%
2010636−26.5%
2020509−20.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[8]

2020 census

Elaine, Arkansas – Racial and ethnic composition
(NH = Non-Hispanic)
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity Pop 2000[9] Pop 2010[10] Pop 2020[11] % 20010 % 2010 % 2020
White
alone (NH) 		327 231 136 37.80% 36.32% 26.72%
Black or African American
alone (NH) 		470 385 359 54.34% 60.53% 70.53%
Alaska Native
alone (NH) 		0 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Asian alone (NH) 0 1 0 0.00% 0.16% 0.00%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 0 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 0 0 0 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 16 10 3 1.85% 1.57% 0.59%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 52 9 11 6.01% 1.42% 2.16%
Total 865 636 509 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

At the

Helena area.[12]
Of the 330 households 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.2% were married couples living together, 30.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.7% were non-families. 31.2% of households were one person and 18.5% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.31.

The age distribution was 31.8% under the age of 18, 10.8% from 18 to 24, 19.5% from 25 to 44, 21.2% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% 65 or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 80.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 73.5 males.

The median household income was $19,479 and the median family income was $22,813. Males had a median income of $22,386 versus $18,056 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,640. About 33.5% of families and 41.1% of the population were below the

poverty line
, including 59.1% of those under age 18 and 26.5% of those age 65 or over.

Education

The Marvell–Elaine School District serves the community. Marvell Primary School and Marvell High School in Marvell serve Elaine.[13]

Previously the Elaine School District served the community. On July 1, 2006, the Elaine district merged into the Marvell district.[14] When the district existed, it operated Lucilia Wood Elementary School and Elaine High School.[15][16]

Notable people

References

  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
  2. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Elaine, Arkansas
  3. ^ a b Elaine Massacre, Arkansas Encyclopedia of History and Culture; accessed April 3, 2008.
  4. ^ Arkansas Assembly 2017
  5. ^ "US Map of 73 years of lynching", New York Times, February 10, 2015
  6. ^ a b Krug, Teresa (August 18, 2019). "A rural town confronts its buried history of mass killings of black Americans". The Guardian. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
  7. ^ a b c d NWS Memphis Office Report
  8. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  9. ^ "P004 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Elaine city, Arkansas". United States Census Bureau.
  10. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Elaine city, Arkansas". United States Census Bureau.
  11. ^ "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Elaine city, Arkansas". United States Census Bureau.
  12. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  13. ^ "Schools." Marvell-Elaine School District. Retrieved on March 2, 2011.
  14. ^ "Consolidation/Annexations of LEA's (1983–2010) Archived September 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Arkansas Department of Education. Retrieved on March 2, 2011.
  15. ^ "Lucilia Wood Elementary School." Information Network of Arkansas (State of Arkansas). Retrieved on March 2, 2011. "100 College St. Elaine, AR 72333"
  16. ^ "Elaine high School." Information Network of Arkansas (State of Arkansas). Retrieved on March 2, 2011. "100 College St. Elaine, AR 72333"
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