Eugène Minkowski
Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski | |
---|---|
Born | Hôpital Sainte-Anne ] | 17 April 1885
Eugène (Eugeniusz) Minkowski (French pronunciation:
Life and career
Minkowski was born in
After the war he said:
"During the war we were waiting for peace, hoping to take up again the life that we had abandoned. In reality, a new period began, a period of difficulties and deceptions, of setbacks and painful, often fruitless efforts to adapt oneself to new problems of existence. The calm propitious to philosophic thought was far from reborn. Long, arid, and somber years followed the war. My work lay dormant at the bottom of my drawer".[6]
After World War I, when his enlistment came to an end, he adopted French nationality. The family moved again to Paris permanently and Minkowski returned to
In 1926 he wrote a doctoral thesis on ""La notion de perte de contact avec la réalité et ses applications en psychopathologie"" – The Notion of Loss of Contact with Reality and its Applications in Psychopathology, which was based on the works of Henri Bergson and Eugen Bleuler, and began work at Sainte-Anne's Psychiatric Hospital, a leading mental hospital in Paris. Minkowski thought that autism is the patient's loss of vital contact with reality (perte de contact vital avec la réalité). He distinguished two types of schizophrenic autism: 'rich or florid autism' (autisme riche) & 'poor autism' (autisme pauvre), i.e. autism characterized by affective and cognitive "poverty".[8] But Minkowski disagreed with Bleuler on several points. First, he did not believe that the necessary component of autism is "the predominance of inner fantasy life". In truth, he claimed that a typical schizophrenic patient has the "poor autism", which he characterized by the poverty of affective and cognitive processes. On that subject, he also criticized Bleuler's description of schizophrenic autism together with Emil Kraepelin. Minkowski claimed that "rich autism" happened only when a schizophrenic patient was equipped with an autism-independent inclination toward affective and cognitive expressivity. Just as important, Minkowski considered autism as a both fundamental and primary disorder of schizophrenia. Other psychopathological features of schizophrenia could be comprehended in terms of it.
In 1927 he published "La Schizophrénie" on schizophrenia, followed in 1933, by "Le Temps vécu. Études phénoménologique et psychopathologiques" – "Lived Time. Phenomenological and Psychopathological Studies". In this, his only book so far translated into English, Minkowski sought to use phenomenology as an approach to psychopathology. He proposed that the pathology of patients should always be interpreted in light of their subjective experience of time. Unable initially to find a publisher he funded a thousand copies himself. It was eventually published by J.L.L. d'Artrey to whom Minkowski dedicated the new edition of the work. Minkowski was in the
Philosophy and psychopathology
Philosophically, Minkowski was influenced by Bergson and the phenomenologist Max Scheler, who had developed separate accounts of Time, (see Bergson's 1889 work Time and Free Will and his analyses of the irrational nature of time). Following Bergson's account of élan vital, Minkowski developed what he named as vital energy, an account of the essence of time. He was also attracted by the practice of the Swiss psychiatrist,
"Je donne une œuvre subjective ici, œuvre cependant qui tend de toutes ses forces vers l'objectivité." I offer you a subjective work, but a work which nevertheless struggles with all its might towards objectivity.
He was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Zurich in 1955 and the University of Warsaw in 1965.
Major works in French
- La Notion de perte contact vital avec la réalité et ses applications en psychopathologie (Paris: Jouve, 1926)
- La schizophrénie: Psychopathologie des schizoïdes et des schizophrènes (Paris: Payot, 1927). 2nd, revised and augmented, edition (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 1953).
- Le Temps vécu. Étude phénoménologique et psychopathologiques (Paris: D'Artrey, 1933)
- Vers une cosmologie. Fragments philosophiques, (Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1936)
- Traité de psychopathologie (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1968)
- Au-delà du rationalisme morbide (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2000)
- Écrits cliniques, (Eres, 2002)
Articles in French
- 1920 "Famille B... et famille F..., contribution à l'étude de l'hérédité des maladies mentales" (in collaboration with F. Minkowska). Annales médico-psychologiques (Paris), LXXVII, 303–28.
- 1923 "Étude psychologique et analyse phénoménologique d'un cas de mélancolie schizophrénique.", Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, 20, 543–558.
- "Contribution à l'études des ideés d'influence" (in collaboration with R. Targowla). L'Encéphale, XVIII, No.10, 652–59.
- 1925 "La genèse de la notion de schizophrénie et ses caractères essentiels", L'Évolution psychiatrique.
- 1927 "De la rêverie morbide au délire d'influence", L'Évolution psychiatrique.
- 1938 "Á propos de l'hygiène mentale : Quelques réflexions", Annales médicopsychologiques, avril.
- 1946 "L'Anesthésie affective", Annales Médico-Psychologiques, 104, 80–88.
- 1952 "Le Rorschach dans l'œuvre de F. Minkowska", Bulletin du groupement français du Rorschach.
- 1963 "Vers quels horizons nous emmène Bachelard", Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 17e année, no. 66, fasc 4.
- 1964 "Métaphore et Symbole", Cahiers Internationaux de Symbolisme, n°5.
- 1965 "À l'origine le un et le deux sont-ils nécessairement des nombres ? À propos du monisme et du dualisme", Revue philosophique de Louvain, 63.
Articles in German
- 1911 "Zur Müllerschen Lehre von den spezifischen Sinnesenergien." Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane (Leipzig), XLV, 129–52.
- 1913 "Die Zenkersche Theorie der Farbenperzeption (Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis und Beurteilung der physiologischen Farbentheorien)." Zeitsschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, XLVII, No. 2, 211–22.
- 1914 "Betrachtungen im Anschluss an das Prinzip des psychophysischen Parallelismus". Archiv für die gesamte Psychologie (Leipzig and Berlin), XXXI, 132–243.
- "Inhalt, symbolische Darstellung und Begründung des Grundsatzes der Identität als Grundsatz unseres Vorstellens". Archiv für systematische Philosophie (Berlin), XX, No. 2, 209–19.
- 1923 "Bleuler's Schizoidie und Syntonie und das Zeiterlebnis". Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie (Berlin), LXXXII, 212–30.
- "Probleme der Vererbung von Geisteskrankheiten auf Grund von psychiatrischen un genealogischen Untersuchungen an zwei Familien" (in collaboration with F. Minskowska). Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie (Zurich), XII, 47–70.
Major work in English
- Lived Time: Phenomenological and Psychopathological Studies, trans. by Nancy Metzel, Northwestern University Press, Evanston. 1970.
Articles in English
- 1923 "Findings in a Case of Schizophrenic Depression", trans. Barbara Bliss in Existence: A New Dimension in Psychiatry and Psychology. (pp. 127–138) New York, NY, US: Basic Books. Rollo May (ed.), 1958.
- 1926 "Bergson's Conceptions as Applied to Psychopathology", Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 63, n°4, juin, 553–568.[12]
- 1947 "The Psychology of the Deportees", American OSE Review 4, Summer-Fall.
Articles in Polish
These include:
- Przyroda, zwierzęcość, człowieczeństwo, bestializm „Przegl. Filoz". R. 44: 1948 – 'Nature, animalism, humankind and bestiality' in the Polish Philosophical Review, 44. 1948
- Psychopatologia i psychologia („Neurologia, Neurochirurgia i Psychiatria Pol". 1956), Z zagadnień schizofrenii (tamże 1957) – 'Psychopathology and Psychology' in the Polish Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 1956.
- Prostota (w: „Szkice filozoficzne Romanowi Ingardenowi w darze", W.–Kr. 1964) – 'Simplicity' in Philosophical Sketches dedicated to Roman Ingarden, Kraków, 1964.
Articles in Spanish
- 1933 "La Psiquiatria en 1932" (in collaboration with P. Guiraud). Revista de criminologia, psiquiatria y medicina légal (Buenos Aires), XX, 322–37.
- "La Psiquiatria en 1933" (in collaboration with P. Guiraud). Revista de criminologia, XXI, 250–364.
References
- S2CID 145547928.
- ^ http://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/index.php/a/eugeniusz-minkowski, Polish National Dictionary of Biography, accessed 26 July 2016.
- ^ "International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis". Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2011.
- ISBN 978-0-8101-0357-3.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-521-88275-0.
- ^ Lived Time: Phenomenological and Psychopathological Studies, translation by Nancy Metzel, Northwestern University Press, Evanston. 1970. pp. 6–7.
- ^ a b c Minkowski E. (1925). "La Génèse de la Notion de Schizophrénie et ses Caractères Essentiels (une page d'histoire contemporaine de la psychiatrie) = [The Genesis of the Schizophrenia Notion and its Essential Characteristics (a page of contemporary history of psychiatry)]". L'Évolution psychiatrique (in French). 1. Paris: Payot: 193–236.
- ISBN 978-1-4443-5167-5.
- ^ "Eugène Minkowski (1885–1972)" (PDF). Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ Lived Time, p. 272.
- ^ R.D. Laing, "Minkowski and Schizophrenia," Review of Existential Psychology XI (1963), 207.
- ^ Jonathan Crary, "Suspensions of Perception: Attention, Spectacle, and Modern culture".