Flag of Biafra

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National flag of Biafra   Flag ratio: 4:7

The

tricolour of red, black, and green, charged with a golden rising sun over a golden bar. The eleven rays of the sun represent the eleven former provinces of Biafra. The rays are typically long and slender with the lowest rays being nearly horizontal and the remaining rays spread evenly between.[1]

Origins

The flag was first raised on 30 May 1967 and featured prominently during

Colonel Odumegwu-Ojukwu's declaration of the independence of the Biafran Government.[2]

The coat of arms of Biafra and the former one used by the Eastern Region

The colours of the flag of Biafra are taken directly from the original

Republic of Benin
, consisting of the Biafran-occupied Mid-Western region.

Today these colours are commonly seen to represent: Red for the blood of Biafrans who died during the Nigerian Civil War, the famine during the war, as well as those who died prior to this in the

ethnic or regional pride.[4]

Legality

October 2015, Pro-Biafran protests outside Westminster, London

Since

Asaba, Nsukka, Umuahia, Abakiliki, Owerri and Awka, the Biafran flag can be seen regularly flying on buildings, buses, and flagpoles.[6] These flags are routinely taken down by police during raids, especially surrounding the days around Biafra Remembrance on 30 May.[3]
Flags are often replaced soon afterwards which suggests that the ban cannot be fully enforced, making the legality dependent on selective enforcement.

Chima J. Korieh argues that the flag is often a cause of violence between the government and supporters of Biafra stating, "one cannot openly fly the Biafran flag, for example, in Nigeria without fear of reprisal that could lead to arrest and even death".[7] An example of this was the violent protests that occurred on 8 March 2014 outside the Enugu State Government House after an effort to hoist the Biafran flag, resulted in 100 arrests by Nigerian state police.[8] A similar event occurred in Enugu on 5 November 2012, which also resulted in the arrests of 100 people, following a peaceful march through the city after the Biafran flag was raised.[9]

Modern usage

The Biafran flag is still commonly seen in Nigeria today. During a visit to towns and cities across Nigeria in 2010, Historian Ike Okonta expressed his surprise at the number of Biafran flags displayed in public places and the confidence with which the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) officials and its members went about their activities, despite the violence and police brutality they experienced.[10] As a symbol for the support of the recreation of the Biafran state, the flag is also used in most pro-Biafran protests/demonstrations today.

Protests

Pro-Biafran protests occur both inside and outside of Nigeria, this is largely a result of the notable Igbo diaspora found internationally. Such events usually involve the use of the Biafran flag and similar Biafran iconography. The flag is commonly used by Neo-Biafran groups to promote the recreation of the Biafran state, encouraging people to explore an alternative to the general Igbo identity. Heavy usage of the flag during protests also provides a better possibility for gaining future political independence as it is a clear symbol of the united support of Biafra.[11] MASSOB is an example of a neo-Biafran movement which uses the flag repeatedly during their demonstrations. With the objective of achieving self-determination for the Igbo ethnic group, the Biafran flag has been an important asset to many of MASSOB's protests by invoking the memory of the shared experience many Biafrans had during and after the war.[12]

Ariaria Market, 2012

On 22 May 2000, the Biafran flag was hoisted by MASSOB at the Ariaria International Market in Aba. The raising of the flag acted as the symbolic starting point in the renewed efforts of resurrecting the state of Biafra. The envisaged stages toward independence included: Mass mobilisation; establishment of the primary structures of a sovereign state; and a referendum supervised by the UN in the eastern part of Nigeria to determine whether individuals would prefer to remain part of Nigeria or join those who wanted to resurrect Biafra.[13]

The Biafra flag was also raised during a protest in March 2014 by the Biafra Zionist Federation (BZF). This group are a breakaway organisation from MASSOB. BZF took control of the Engugu State Government house for approximately four hours, erecting the flag of Biafra at the entrance. An ultimatum was given to Nigerians living in previous Biafran territory to vacate their land before March 31, 2014, or they would face the 'bloodbath' that was to come afterwards.[7] Despite the groups plans to reclaim all Biafran land by this point, it did not happen and no 'bloodbath' occurred for those who refused to vacate their area.[14]

On 30 May 2016, at least 40 people were killed and more than 50 were injured by the Nigerian Army ahead of the pro-Biafran commemoration events in Onitsha. Evidence from eyewitnesses, confirmed that the Nigerian military opened fire on members of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), its supporters and bystanders at three locations in the town.[15]

Popular culture

The influence and impact the flag of Biafra has can be analysed through popular culture. Lecznar states: "the image of the half yellow sun was the central emblem of the Biafran flag and continues to be a powerful symbol of the hope garnered by the Igbo population after Biafra's secession from Nigeria, but also of the failure of the post-independence Nigerian nation".[16] The 2006 book Half of a Yellow Sun directly references the Biafran flag in regard to the half sun in the flag. In the book, the Biafran flag is referenced throughout: "Odenigbo climbed up to the podium waving his Biafran flag: swaths of red, black, and green and, at the centre, a luminous of a yellow sun".[17] The book was made into the film Half of a Yellow Sun which was released in 2013. Further influence of the half yellow sun can be seen in the 2003 film by Antoine Fungua's Tears of the Sun. The film was shot in parts of West Africa due to it being set in a Nigerian jungle. The film features many Hollywood mainstream actors.[18]

The branding for Nigeria's Hero Beer features a rising sun referencing the Biafran flag, a horizontal tricolour of red, black, and green with a rising sun in the middle. The phrase "Bring me a Hero" is commonly called in bars of Engugu, where the dreams of raising a glass to "independence" from Nigeria have not been given up.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Znaimerowski, Alfred (2001). The World Encyclopaedia of Flags. London: Anness Publishing Ltd. p. 125.
  2. ISSN 2504-9038
    .
  3. ^ a b c naptu2 (6 August 2018). "Flags, Coats Of Arms, Symbols And Monuments Of Nigerian States". naptu2's Blog. Retrieved 19 November 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ "'Nigeria treats us like slaves' - but is Biafra the answer?". BBC News. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  5. ^ Ayobola, Alalade; Oluranti, Ayomola O. (2019). "Approaches of MASSOB and IPOB and the Response of Federal Government in the Biafra Secession Movement in Nigeria". Ibadan Journal of Peace and Development. 9 (2): 150–166.
  6. S2CID 144968511
    .
  7. ^
    Lexington Books
    . p. 252.
  8. S2CID 233593634
    .
  9. ^ "Biafrans still dream of independence". BBC News. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  10. S2CID 144968511
    .
  11. S2CID 154245615
    – via JSTOR.
  12. S2CID 143775214
    .
  13. S2CID 144968511
    .
  14. ^ "We seized Enugu Govt House for 4 hours, says Onwuka, BZM leader". Vanguard News. 12 March 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Nigeria: Killing of unarmed pro-Biafra supporters by military must be urgently investigated". Amnesty International. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  16. S2CID 55996564
    .
  17. ^ Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi (2009). Half of a Yellow Sun. London: HarperCollins. p. 181.
  18. ^ Julius-Adeoye, Rantimi Jays. "'The Nigeria-Biafra war, popular culture and agitation for sovereignty of a Biafran nation'". ASC Working Paper Series.
  19. ^ Unah, Linus (26 November 2019). "How Hero Lager Became an Inspirational Symbol in Southeast Nigeria". Eater. Retrieved 19 November 2021.

Bibliography

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