G.I. movement

G.I. movement
G.I. movement
Part of the United States Involvement in the Vietnam War
Goals	Avoid military duties in the Vietnam War
Methods	Combat refusals; Open & covert resistance; Desertion; GI Underground Press; Fragging; GI coffeehouses;
Resulted in	Disruption of military operations; Lowered military morale;

The G.I. movement was the resistance to military involvement in the Vietnam War from active duty soldiers in the United States military.^[1]^[2]^[3] Within the military popular forms of resistance included combat refusals, fragging, and desertion. By the end of the war at least 450 officers were killed in fraggings,^[4] or about 250 from 1969–1971,^[5] over 300 refused to engage in combat^[6]^{[unreliable source?]} and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted.^[7] Along with resistance inside the U.S. military, civilians opened up various G.I. coffeehouses near military bases where civilians could meet with soldiers and could discuss and cooperate in the anti-war movement.^[3]

History

Early movement (1964–1967)

The early period of soldier resistance to the

El Paso.^[8] In 1966, another incident occurred where three soldiers in Fort Hood refused deployment to Vietnam and were reprimanded, gaining the attention of anti-war activists. Later Capt. Howard Levy, a dermatologist, was punished for refusing to train Green Beret medics being sent to Vietnam.^[9]

Growing protests (1968)

In 1968 more collective acts of resistance would take place inside the U.S. military. Many servicemen fled the military and took sanctuary in various churches and universities. Many veterans and servicemen began involving themselves in anti-war marches, and rebellions in military stockades.^[9]

At the Presidio of San Francisco a protest was staged by servicemen after another soldier was shot for walking away from a work detail.^[10] During the protest a group of AWOL soldiers returned to base to join the demonstration. They were arrested and put into the stockade where they convinced other imprisoned troops to stage another protest.^[11]

Later dissent (1969–1972)

Demonstrations inside and outside the army were being conducted by servicemen. More dissident soldiers began to oppose racism felt in the United States, its military, and draft policy.^[9] By June 1971, Colonel Robert Heinl declared that the army in Vietnam was "dispirited where not near mutinous" in an article in Armed Forces Journal.^[6]

Activist organizations

Civilian assistance organizations

Beheiren

Deserters' and veterans' organizations

Servicemen's organizations

Gallery

The Fort Hood Three refuse orders to go to Vietnam in 1966.
Protester with a Purple Heart.
Fort Lewis Six who refused orders to go to Vietnam in 1970.
Veterans protesting the Vietnam War.
GIs and Veterans in peace march.
Flyer for GIs and Veterans protest.
The Presidio 27 sit-down protest in 1968.

References

^ Kindig, Jessie. "GI Movement, 1968–1973: Special Section". University of Washington.
^ Seidman, Derek (June 1, 2016). "Vietnam and the Soldiers' Revolt The Politics of a Forgotten History". Monthly Review. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023.
^ ^a ^b Parsons, David (January 9, 2018). "How Coffeehouses Fueled the Vietnam Peace Movement". The New York Times.
^ Zoroya, Gregg; Gomez, Alan (May 11, 2009). "War-zone massacre an uncommon event". USA Today. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ Heinl, Robert D. Jr. (June 7, 1971). "The collapse of the armed forces". Armed Forces Journal. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "'Fragging' and 'Combat Refusals' in Vietnam". History of U.S. Army Military Police in Vietnam. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
^ "Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters". Pacific News Service. June 28, 2005. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009.
^ CONTENTdm
^ ^a ^b ^c DeBenedetti, Charles (1990). GI Resistance: Soldiers and Veterans Against the War. Vietnam Generation.
^ "Mutiny in the Presidio". Time. February 21, 1969. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.
^ Rowland, Randy. "The Presidio Mutiny". National Lawyers Guild Military Law Task Force. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.

[wash-1] Kindig, Jessie. "GI Movement, 1968–1973: Special Section". University of Washington.

[monthly-2] Seidman, Derek (June 1, 2016). "Vietnam and the Soldiers' Revolt The Politics of a Forgotten History". Monthly Review. Archived from the original on April 29, 2023.

[coffee-3] Parsons, David (January 9, 2018). "How Coffeehouses Fueled the Vietnam Peace Movement". The New York Times.

[Zoroya2019-4] Zoroya, Gregg; Gomez, Alan (May 11, 2009). "War-zone massacre an uncommon event". USA Today. Retrieved August 31, 2021.

[5] Heinl, Robert D. Jr. (June 7, 1971). "The collapse of the armed forces". Armed Forces Journal. Retrieved August 31, 2021.

[fragging-6] "'Fragging' and 'Combat Refusals' in Vietnam". History of U.S. Army Military Police in Vietnam. Archived from the original on June 26, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2019.

[PNS2005-7] "Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters". Pacific News Service. June 28, 2005. Archived from the original on August 15, 2009.

[8] CONTENTdm

[Resistance-9] DeBenedetti, Charles (1990). GI Resistance: Soldiers and Veterans Against the War. Vietnam Generation.

[TIME-10] "Mutiny in the Presidio". Time. February 21, 1969. Archived from the original on August 29, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.

[Rowland-11] Rowland, Randy. "The Presidio Mutiny". National Lawyers Guild Military Law Task Force. Archived from the original on November 19, 2008. Retrieved November 25, 2008.

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