GRSI model

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The GRSI model

, the standard model of cosmology.

History and description

The model was proposed in a series of articles, the first dating from 2003.

.

A natural implication of this model is its explanation of the accelerating expansion of the universe without resorting to dark energy.^[3] The increased binding energy within a galaxy requires, by energy conservation, a weakening of gravitational attraction outside said galaxy. This mimics the repulsion of dark energy.

The GRSI model is inspired from the

emerging from the strong force. In both cases, the phenomenological formulas describing these observations are similar, albeit with different numerical factors.

These parallels are expected from a theoretical point of view: General Relativity and the Strong Interaction

hadrons

also occur in very massive systems. This coupling is effectively given by ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {GM/L}}}$, where ${\displaystyle G}$ is the gravitational constant, ${\displaystyle M}$ is the mass of the system, and ${\displaystyle L}$ is a characteristic length of the system. The claim of the GRSI proponents, based either on lattice calculations,^[5] a background-field model.^[6] or the coincidental phenomenologies in galactic or hadronic dynamics mentioned in the previous paragraph, is that ${\displaystyle {\sqrt {GM/L}}}$ is indeed sufficiently large for large systems such as galaxies.

List of topics studied in the Model

The main observations that appear to require dark matter and/or dark energy can be explained within this model. Namely,

• The flat rotation curves of galaxies.^[5][6][7] These results, however, have been challenged.^[8][9]
• The
  anisotropies.^[10]
• The fainter luminosities of distant supernovae and their consequence on the accelerating expansion of the universe.^[3]
• The formation of the Universe's large structures.^[11]
• The matter power spectrum.^[10]
• The internal dynamics of
  galaxy clusters, including that of the Bullet Cluster.^[5]

Additionally, the model explains observations that are currently challenging to understand within

Lambda-CDM

:

• The
  Tully-Fisher relation.^[5][6]
• The radial acceleration relation.^[12]
• The Hubble tension.^[13]
• The cosmic coincidence, that is the fact that at present time, the purported repulsion of dark energy nearly exactly cancels the action of gravity in the overall dynamics of the universe.^[7]

Finally, the model made a prediction that the amount of missing mass (i.e., the dark mass in dark matter approaches) in elliptical galaxies correlates with the ellipticity of the galaxies.^[5] This was tested and verified.^[14][15]

Footnotes

See also

• List of unsolved problems in physics
• Lambda-CDM
• General Relativity
• Standard Model of particle physics
• Quantum Chromodynamics