Gerasimos, Abbot of the Monastery of Saint Symeon
Gerasimos (or Gerasimus) was a
Life
Virtually nothing is known of Gerasimos' biography.
Since Gerasimos was a rare name in
Although his work provides no biographical details, it does show that Gerasimos received a good and broad education. He was familiar with
Works
According to the synaxarion of Makarios III, Gerasimos wrote works called al-Mujādalāt (The Disputations), al-Mawaʿīẓ (The Sermons) and al-Shāfī (The Healer).[5][6] Only the last work survives.[6][7] Its full title is al-Kāfī fī l-maʿnā l-shāfī.[8][9][10] It is written in Arabic and divided into five parts, the last being far longer than the rest.[11][12] It is detailed, learned, gracious and bereft of the rancor that came to characterize Christian apologia under Islam in the later Middle Ages.[7]
In parts 1 and 2, Gerasimos discusses the nature of the true religion. Its purpose, he says, is to draw humans to God through commands and prohibitions and through the promise of reward or punishment in the afterlife. Further, it must be universal, not tribal, and communicable in language the people can understand. It must also be confirmed by miracles. He argues that all religions save Christianity draw humanity to earthly glory and serve its base desires. Of all the religions he knows, only Christianity is truly universal and accessible.[7]
In parts 3 and 4, Gerasimos marshals "testimonies" in support of his views.
In part 5, Gerasimos deals with six objections. The first objection states that Christianity cannot be the true religion because it is not the largest, has not always existed and is sometimes held in contempt. The next three objections are philosophical and allege the incompatibility of Christian doctrines (such as the
Gerasimos has answers to all the objections. He argues that "the ascendancy of the
Al-Kāfī fī l-maʿnā l-shāfī or portions of it are (or were) preserved in 23 manuscripts, not all of them traceable today.[13] Only four of them are earlier than the 17th century:
- Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, MS Ar. 448 (Kamil 495), folios 100v–127r, from the 13th century, contains only part 1[14]
- Sinai, Monastery of Saint Catherine, MS Ar. 451 (Kamil 497), from 1323, contains only part 3[15]
- Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS Ar. 258, folios 73–78, from the 15th century, contains only the "testimonies" of the ancient Greeks[16]
- Beirut, Bibliothèque orientale , MS 548, pages 243–271, from the 16th century, contains only the "testimonies" of the ancient Greeks and the Qurʾān[13]
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Noble & Treiger 2014, p. 29.
- ^ a b c d e f g Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, pp. 666–667.
- ^ Noble & Treiger 2014, p. 32.
- ^ Noble & Treiger 2014, p. 37.
- ^ Walbiner 2009, p. 440.
- ^ a b Nasrallah 1972, pp. 146–147.
- ^ a b c d e f Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, pp. 668–669.
- ^ Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, p. 668, gloss the title as 'the sufficient, on the clear meaning'.
- ^ Walbiner 2009, p. 438, translates the title as The Book of Healing Concerning the Adequate Meaning.
- ^ Noble & Treiger 2014, p. 29, give the translated title as Exhaustive Compilation on the Doctrine that Brings Cure.
- ^ Noble & Treiger 2014, p. 29, have it divided into five parts.
- ^ Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, p. 668, divide it into six parts, but they describe the "last part" as "a series of detailed responses to possible objections" and "Part 5" as treating "six clusters of possible objections".
- ^ a b Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, pp. 669–670.
- ^ Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, p. 669. Fully digitized online
- ^ Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, p. 669. Fully digitized online
- ^ Bahkou & Lamoreaux 2012, p. 669. Fully digitized online
Bibliography
- Bahkou, Abjar; Lamoreaux, John C. (2012). "Gerasimos". In David Thomas; Alex Mallett (eds.). Christian–Muslim Relations: A Bibliographical History. Vol. 4 (1200–1350). Brill. pp. 666–671. (The name of the first author is incorrectly given as Abgar Bakhou.)
- Bahkou, Abjar (2009). "Kitāb al-Kāfī fī al-maʻnā al-šāfī (The Complete Book of the Proper Meaning): The Christian Apology of Gerasimus". Parole de l'Orient. 34: 309–343.
- Bahkou, Abjar, ed. (2014). Defending Christian Faith: The Fifth Part of the Christian Apology of Gerasimus. De Gruyter.
- Khawam, René R., ed. (1996). Gérassime: Dialogues œcuméniques de guérison suivi de Traité sur la Sainte Trinité. L'Esprit des péninsules.
- Nasrallah, Joseph (1972). "Couvents de la Syrie du Nord portant le nom de Siméon". Syria. 49 (Fasc. 1-2): 127–159.
- Nasrallah, Joseph (1979). Histoire du movement littéraire dans l'église melchite du Ve au XXe siècle: Contribution à l'étude de la littérature arabe chrétienne. Vol. III, Tome 2: 1250–1516. Peeters.
- Noble, Samuel; Treiger, Alexander (2014). "Introduction". In Samuel Noble; Alexander Treiger (eds.). The Orthodox Church in the Arab World, 700–1700: An Anthology of Sources. Cornell University Press. pp. 3–39.
- Walbiner, Carsten-Michael (2009). "Preserving the Past and Enlightening the Present: Macarius b. al-Zaʿīm and Medieval Melkite Literature". Parole de l'Orient. 34: 433–441.
External links
- Gerasimos, Apology (extract from Ms. Beirut 548 p. 243–271) (2008). Translated by Samuel Noble. Extracts from part 4.