Hardknott Pass

Coordinates: 54°24′10″N 3°11′50″W / 54.40269°N 3.197118°W / 54.40269; -3.197118
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Hardknott Pass
Cumbrian Mountains
Coordinates54°24′10″N 3°11′50″W / 54.40269°N 3.197118°W / 54.40269; -3.197118

Hardknott Pass is a

West Cumbria, shares the title of steepest road in England with Rosedale Chimney Bank in North Yorkshire
. It has a maximum gradient of 1 in 3 (about 33%).

The pass takes its name from the nearby Hard Knott fell, whose name is derived from the Old Norse harthr (hard) and knutr (craggy hill).[2]

Geography

A road sign warning drivers about the extreme gradient.

A

Harter Fell and the remains of Hardknott Roman Fort
(200 metres (660 ft) above sea level).

The Hardknott Pass stands at a maximum elevation of 393 m (1,289 ft).[1] The road descends steeply at a gradient of 30% (1 in 3) into the Duddon Valley.[4] At the eastern end of the pass is Cockley Beck farm, built in the 1860s and owned by the National Trust. The route from Hardknott leads eastward towards the Wrynose Pass and Ambleside.[3][5]

The pass is described as one of the most challenging roads in Britain.

Highway Code.[10]

The challenging 1 in 3 gradients, steeper than the mountain stages of European bicycle races including the Tour de France and the Giro d'Italia,[7] draw endurance cyclists.[11] It is part of the annual Fred Whitton Challenge, a 112-mile (180 km) ride around the Lake District.[12] An "average" cyclist who was trained over six weeks for a 2019 Eurosport documentary called England's Toughest Climb failed to complete the route.[7][13]

History

A road over the pass was built by the Romans around AD 110 to link the coastal fort and baths at Ravenglass with their garrisons at Ambleside and Kendal.[14][15] The Romans called this road the Tenth Highway.[16] The road fell into disrepair after the Romans left Britain in the early 5th century, becoming an unpaved packhorse route used to transport lead and agricultural goods.[15][16] By the early Middle Ages, it was known as the Waingate ("cart road") or Wainscarth ("cart pass"): there is an 1138 record of a party of monks traversing it in an oxcart.[17] Hardknott pass and its surrounding area fell within the domain of the Lords of

Dissolution of the Monasteries
(1536–41).

In the 1880s an association of hoteliers, the English Lake District Association, financed improvements to the road in the hope of encouraging tourist excursions by carriage; by 1891 the scheme was judged to be "not the success that was anticipated".

Cyclists' Touring Club 1911 Guide to North-West England describing the old coach road as "difficult going West, cruel coming East".[19] The first motor vehicles were taken over the Hardknott and Wrynose passes, from the Eskdale side, in 1913.[20]

In 1936, the

Second World War the War Office
used the area for tank training, completely destroying the existing road surface. After the war the damage was repaired and the road tarmaced. A decade after the local government had rejected opening the highway to vehicles, the war's legacy had inadvertently created a direct motor route between Ambleside and Eskdale for the first time.

The courses of the Roman and modern roads are not identical. The

Roman highway is to the north of the modern road on the western side of the pass and to the south on the eastern side.[16]

See also

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hardknott Pass.

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Spot height Ordnance Survey". Ordnance Survey. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  2. OCLC 1154195833
    .
  3. ^ a b Corfield 2010, p. 13.
  4. ^ Warren, Simon (20 July 2012). "Britain's top 10 toughest cycle climbs". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  5. ^ a b Robinson-Tate, Michaela (15 July 2014). "In praise of Britain's two most outrageous roads – Wrynose and Hardknott passes". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  6. ^ Corfield 2010, pp. 13, 15.
  7. ^ a b c Heptinstall, Simon (4 January 2022). "The Hardknott Pass: Britain's wildest road". BBC Travel. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  8. ^ "Police advise driving safely after cold spell". ITV News. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  9. ^ "Motorists warned to drive safely as cold snap continues in Cumbria". The Westmorland Gazette. 23 February 2015. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  10. ^ "Highway Code Rule 155". Crown copyright. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  11. ^ Reynolds, Hannah (16 December 2015) [17 November 2014]. "How to ride faster up short, steep hills". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  12. ^ Abbott, Marc (7 January 2015). "The six best cycling sportives of 2015". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  13. ^ Bennett, Tom (26 December 2020). "Cycling feature: Why Hardknott Pass was the ultimate test for the Average Man" (Geographically limited availability). Eurosport.
  14. ^ Gower, Amanda (4 October 2006) [10 September 2004]. "Doing it the Hard(knott) way". BBC News. Retrieved 8 January 2022.
  15. ^ a b Brown 2010, p. 290.
  16. ^ a b c Kirkup 2011, p. 64.
  17. ^ The Countryman, v.51-52 (1950), 309
  18. ISBN 9780719008245
    .
  19. ^ CTC Guide, 1911, p.116.
  20. ^ "Over the worst hills in England", Autocar, 12 July 1913, 49-53

Sources

External links
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