Hawthorne Works

Coordinates: 41°51′00″N 87°44′24″W / 41.850°N 87.740°W / 41.850; -87.740
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Aerial view of the Hawthorne Works, ca. 1907.

The Hawthorne Works was a large factory complex of the Western Electric Company in Cicero, Illinois. In addition to industrial plants, several on-site community amenities were provided to workers. Named for the original name of what became Cicero, Hawthorne, it opened in 1905 and operated until 1983. At its peak of operations, Hawthorne employed 45,000 workers, producing large quantities of telephone equipment, but also a wide variety of consumer products.

The facility is well-known for the studies in industrial relations held there in the 1920s, and the Hawthorne effect for a worker management behavior is named for the works.[1]

History

The Hawthorne Works complex was built at the intersection of

Cicero Avenue and Cermak Road and was opened in 1905.[2] Hawthorne Works was named for Hawthorne, Illinois, a small town that was later incorporated as Cicero. The facility consisted of several buildings and contained a private railroad, Manufacturers' Junction Railway, to move shipments through the plant to the nearby Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
freight depot. In the first decades, the factory complex was significantly expanded.

Aerial view of the Hawthorne Works, ca. 1925. This image and the image above are created from the same angle.

The Hawthorne Works produced a large output of telephone equipment. In addition, Western Electric produced a wide variety of consumer products and electrical equipment, such as refrigerators. The works employed up to 45,000 employees at the height of operations. Workers regularly used bicycles for transit within the plant.

The Hawthorne Works was in operation until 1983, when it was closed as a result of the divestiture of AT&T and the breakup of the Bell System. It was purchased in the mid-1980s by the late Donald L. Shoemaker and replaced with a shopping center. One of the original towers remained at the corner of 22nd Street and Cicero Ave.

Due to its significance in industrial manufacturing in the United States, the Hawthorne Works was the site of well-known industrial studies. The

Walter Shewhart and W. Edwards Deming
also intersected at the Hawthorne Works.

Paul Mattick, the Marxist theorist, worked here as a mechanic from 1928/9 until 1932.[4]: 63 

220 employees of the Hawthorne works, many of them Czech immigrants, were among those killed in the capsizing of the SS Eastland in Chicago on July 24, 1915; they were preparing to depart on a company-sponsored excursion at the time.[5][6]

Hawthorne effect

Main article: Hawthorne effect

The term "Hawthorne effect" refers to the type of reactivity in which individuals modify an aspect of their behavior in response to their awareness of being observed.[7][8] It was first observed in data from the Hawthorne Works collected by psychologist Elton Mayo and later reinterpreted by Henry A. Landsberger, who coined the term.[9]

Hawthorne Works Museum

The last vestige of the Hawthorne Works. This tower can be seen in the center-left of the aerial view (above).

The Hawthorne Works Museum, operated by

immigrant workers and local history.[10]

References

  1. ^ Weber, Austin (August 1, 2002). "The Hawthorne Works". Assembly Magazine. Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2007.
  2. ^ "HAWTHORNE WORKS' GLORY NOW JUST SO MUCH RUBBLE". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
  3. ^ Juran (1995). A History of Managing for Quality. ASQC Quality Press. p. 557.
  4. ISBN 978-9004227798
    .
  5. ^ "Eastland Memorial Edition". Western Electric News. August 1915. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  6. ^ Hilton, George W (1995). Eastland: Legacy of the Titanic. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 93.
  7. PMID 17608932
    .
  8. PMID 18771841
    .
  9. ^ "Hawthorne Effect | What is Hawthorne Effect? - MBA Learner". MBA Learner. February 22, 2018. Archived from the original on February 26, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  10. ISBN 9781467111355
    .

41°51′00″N 87°44′24″W / 41.850°N 87.740°W / 41.850; -87.740

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