Hessdalen lights

Coordinates: 62°47′36″N 11°11′18″E / 62.7933°N 11.1883°E / 62.7933; 11.1883 (Hessdalen)
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

The Hessdalen lights are unidentified lights which have been observed in a 12-kilometre-long (7.5 mi) stretch of the Hessdalen valley in rural central Norway periodically since at least the 1930s.[1]

Background

The Hessdalen lights appear both by day and by night, and seem to float through and above the valley. They are usually bright white, yellow or red and can appear above and below the horizon. The duration of the phenomenon may be a few seconds to well over an hour. Sometimes the lights move with enormous speed; at other times they seem to sway slowly back and forth. On yet other occasions, they hover in mid‑air.[2]

Unusual lights have been reported in the region since at least the 1930s.[3] Especially high activity occurred between December 1981 and mid-1984, during which the lights were observed 15–20 times per week, attracting many overnight tourists.[4] As of 2010, the number of observations had dwindled, with only 10 to 20 sightings yearly.

Since 1983, "Project Hessdalen" initiated by UFO-Norge and UFO-Sverige have attempted to investigate the lights. This project was active as field investigations during 1983–1985. A group of students, engineers, and journalists collaborated as "The Triangle Project" in 1997–1998 and recorded the lights in a pyramid shape that bounced up and down.

Hessdalen Automatic Measurement Station
(Hessdalen AMS) was set up in the valley to register and record the appearance of lights.

Later, a programme named EMBLA was initiated to bring together established scientists and students to researching the lights.

Italian National Research Council
.

Hypotheses

Despite ongoing research, there is no consensus for an explanation of the phenomenon. A number of potentially plausible theories have been put forward.

There have been some sightings positively identified as misperceptions of astronomical bodies, aircraft, car headlights and mirages.[1]

One explanation attributes the phenomenon to an incompletely understood combustion of airborne dust from mining in the area. The analysis identified hydrogen, oxygen and other elements including titanium.[9] It was thought this occurs in Hessdalen because of the large deposits of scandium there. The publication of this research led to the Norwegian press proclaiming that "The Mystery in Hessdalen is Solved".[10][11]

One hypothesis put forward in 2010 suggests that the lights are formed by a cluster of macroscopic

double helixes like some occurrences of the Hessdalen lights; dusty plasmas may also form in this structure.[14]

Another hypothesis explains Hessdalen lights as a product of piezoelectricity generated under specific rock strains,[a] because many crystal rocks in Hessdalen valley include quartz grains which produce an intense charge density.[12]

Piezoelectricity

In a 2011 paper, based on the dusty plasma theory of Hessdalen lights, Gerson Paiva and Carlton Taft suggested that piezoelectricity of quartz cannot explain a peculiar property assumed by the Hessdalen lights phenomenon – the presence of geometrical structures in its center.[16] Paiva and Taft have shown a mechanism of light ball cluster formation in Hessdalen lights by nonlinear interaction of ion-acoustic and dusty-acoustic waves with low frequency geoelectromagnetic waves in dusty plasmas. The theoretical velocity of ejected light balls is about 10,000 m/s (33,000 ft/s), in good agreement with the observed velocity of some ejected light balls, estimated at 20,000 m/s (66,000 ft/s).[17]

The central ball is white, while the ejected balls that are observed are always green in colour. This is ascribed to

ion-acoustic waves.[18] O+
2 ions (electronic transition b4Σ−
g → a4Πu), with green emission lines, are probably the only ones transported by these waves. Electronic bands of O+
2 ions occur in auroral spectra.[19]

The estimated temperature of Hessdalen lights is about 5,000 K (4,730 °C; 8,540 °F).

rate coefficients of dissociative recombination will be 10−8 cm3 s−1 for the oxygen ions, and 10−7 cm3 s−1 for the nitrogen ions.[b] Thus, in the Hessdalen lights plasma, the nitrogen ions will decompose (N+
2 + e− → N + N*) more rapidly than oxygen ions. Only ionic species
are transported by ion acoustic waves. Therefore, oxygen ions will dominate in the ejected green light balls in Hessdalen lights, presenting a negative band of O+
2 with electronic transition b4Σ−
g → a4Πu after ion-acoustic wave formation.

Paiva and Taft presented a model for resolving the apparently contradictory spectrum observed in Hessdalen lights. The spectrum is nearly flat on the top with steep sides, due to the effect of

blackbody curve.[21]
Such a spectrum is typical of dense ionized gas. Additionally, the spectrum produced in the thermal bremsstrahlung process is flat up to a cutoff frequency, νcut, and falls off exponentially at higher frequencies. This sequence of events forms the typical spectrum of Hessdalen lights phenomenon when the atmosphere is clear, with no fog. According to the model, the spatial color distribution of luminous balls commonly observed in Hessdalen lights phenomenon is produced by electrons accelerated by electric fields during rapid fracture of piezoelectric rocks under the ground.[22] In 2014, Jader Monari published a new Hessdalen Lights model involving a geological-like battery. [23] Thus, two sides of the valley are the electrodes and the river Hesja can be acting as the electrolyte. Gas bubbles rise into the air and can become electrically charged producing gas luminesce and Hessdalen Lights phenomenon.[24]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Based on 1998 research by Takaki and Ikeya.[15]
  2. electron temperature interval 0.007–10 eV.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b Leone, Matteo (2003). "A rebuttal of the EMBLA 2002 report on the optical survey in Hessdalen" (PDF). Comitato Italiano per il Progetto Hessdalen. pp. 1–29. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-07.
  2. ^ "Description of the phenomena". Hessdalen.org. 2011. Retrieved July 14, 2021.
  3. ^ Zanotti, Ferruccio; Di Giuseppe, Massimiliano; Serra, Romano. "Hessdalen 2003: Luci Misteriose in Norvegia" (PDF) (in Italian). Comitato Italiano per il Progetto Hessdalen. pp. 4–5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-01-04.
  4. ^ Pāvils, Gatis (2010-10-10). "Hessdalen lights". Wondermondo. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
  5. OCLC 713018022. Archived
    (PDF) from the original on 29 December 2015.
  6. ^ Olsen, Andreas, ed. (1998). "The Triangle Project". Archived from the original on 2002-10-17.
  7. ^ "The EMBLA 2000 Mission in Hessdalen" (PDF). Project Hessdalen Homepage. Retrieved 27 May 2019.
  8. ^ Matteo Leone. "A rebuttal of the EMBLA 2002 report on the optical survey in Hessdalen: Part Three" (PDF). Italian Committee for Project Hessdale.
  9. ^ Johansen, Karl Hans (2007-07-16). "Fenomenet Hessdalen" (in Norwegian). Norsk rikskringkasting. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03.
  10. ISBN 9789004325968
    . Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  11. ^ Hauge, Bjørn Gitle (2007). Optical spectrum analysis of the Hessdalen phenomenon (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-30. Retrieved 2008-04-24.
  12. ^
    OCLC 5902956691
    .
  13. ^
    ISSN 0892-3310. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-28.[unreliable source?
    ]
  14. ^ Johnston, Hamish (2007-08-15). "Helices swirl in space-dust simulations". Physics World. Archived from the original on 2016-01-10.
  15. S2CID 119878878
    .
  16. OCLC 761916772. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-28.[unreliable source?
    ]
  17. OCLC 4934033386
    .
  18. ISSN 0892-3310.[unreliable source?
    ]
  19. ^ Chamberlain, J.W., Physics of the Aurora and Air-glow (Academic Press Inc., New York, 1961) [ISBN missing]
  20. doi:10.1103/physrev.181.264
    .
  21. S2CID 119505901
    .
  22. ^ Paiva, Gerson S.; Taft, C. A (2011). "Color Distribution of Light Balls in Hessdalen Lights Phenomenon". J. Sc. Expl. 25: 735.
  23. ^ Williams, Caroline. "Norse UFOs: What are the glowing orbs of Hessdalen?". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
  24. ^ Christensen, Arnfinn (2014-05-13). "Little valley – a giant battery?". partner.sciencenorway.no (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2020-10-19.

External links

62°47′36″N 11°11′18″E / 62.7933°N 11.1883°E / 62.7933; 11.1883 (Hessdalen)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hessdalen_lights&oldid=1210389714"