If Women Counted
ISBN 0-06-250933-0 | |
If Women Counted (1988) is a book by New Zealand academic and former politician Marilyn Waring, that is regarded as the "founding document" of the discipline of feminist economics.[1] The book is a groundbreaking and systematic critique of the system of national accounts, the international standard of measuring economic growth, and the ways in which women's unpaid work as well as the value of Nature have been excluded from what counts as productive in the economy.
The book "persuaded the United Nations to redefine gross domestic product, inspired new accounting methods in dozens of countries, and became the founding document of the discipline of feminist economics."[1] A widely cited book, it made the analysis of this topic known to a large audience.[2]
The book's core argument can be summarized as follows: "UNSNA's rules to determine what should be defined as economic activity needed to be understood as an expression of patriarchal power that valued militarism, environmental destruction, and tools of colonisation while deeming peace, environmental resources, and social reproduction worthless."[3]
Synopsis
Written from a
Context
Waring was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in 1975. She was part of the
Waring later comments: "If you are invisible as a producer in a nation' s economy, you are invisible in the distribution of benefits (unless they label you as a welfare 'problem' or a burden)."[6]
Driven by such realization, she conducted in depth investigation on the rules of the
Influence
Waring's argumentation builds on traditions of
The book, and Waring's work in general, can also be considered as being historically significant and influential for the degrowth movement: first, in its argument of economic growth being both in theory and in practice connected to the oppression of women and ecological degradation, and second in its emphasis on the false representation economic indicators offer of the true wellbeing of communities.[3]
If Women Counted inspired the anthology Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics, edited by Margunn Bjørnholt and Ailsa McKay. Published in 2014 and written by a diverse group of scholars, it maps new advances in the field of feminist economics since the publication of If Women Counted.
It was described by economist Alison Preston as "a timely reminder of the politics and economics underpinning what, how and by whom activities and outputs are valued. For those concerned with social justice and sustainable futures this important and powerful book provides an invaluable and practical insight into issues that are in need of greater visibility."[9]
According to the magazine
Diane Elson argues that "despite many valiant efforts, women do not as yet really count in the conduct of economic policy. This book is an imaginative contribution to an ongoing struggle."[11]
Reception
According to emeritus professor of economics Julie A. Nelson, "Marilyn Waring's work woke people up. She showed exactly how the unpaid work traditionally done by women has been made invisible within national accounting systems, and the damage this causes. Her book [...] encouraged and influenced a wide range of work on ways, both numerical and otherwise, of valuing, preserving, and rewarding the work of care that sustains our lives. By pointing to a similar neglect of the natural environment, she also issued a wake-up call to issues of ecological sustainability that have only grown more pressing over time. In recent decades, the field of feminist economics has broadened and widened to encompass these topics and more."[12]
The noted economist John Kenneth Galbraith called If Women Counted "a splendid work... no concerned man or woman can ignore it."[13]
The book is discussed in
In a reflection on If Women Counted, Ulla Grapard, professor of economics and women's studies at Colgate University, comments : "If Women Counted opened my eyes further. After reading the book, I kept on seeing connections to many other things that I was observing, reading, writing and simply living. Unpaid care work, as we call it now, was everywhere."[5]
Publication history
Originally published by
At the time she wrote the book, Waring was a visiting fellow at the
Film adaptation
- The documentary film Who's Counting? Marilyn Waring on Sex, Lies and Global Economics (1995), by Oscar-winning film director Terre Nash, is largely based on the book.
Literature
- ISBN 9781927335277.
References
- ^ a b Langeland, Terje (18 June 2013). "Women Unaccounted for in Global Economy Proves Waring Influence". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
- ISBN 0-415-92706-4.
- ^ a b c Gregoratti, C. and Raphael, R. 2019. The Historical Roots of a Feminist 'Degrowth': Maria Mies's and Marilyn Waring's Critiques of Growth. in Chertkovskaya, E.; Paulsson, A., and Barca, S. edds. 2019. Towards a Political Economy of Degrowth, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers / Rowman & Littlefield International.
- ^ Postner, H. H. (1992). Review of If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. Income and Wealth, 38(2), 237-243).
- ^ a b Rai, S., Budlender, D., & Grapard, U. (2014). Feminist Classics/Many Voices: Marilyn Waring. If Women Counted: A New Feminist Economics. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 16(3), 523-529.
- ^ Marilyn Waring. 2003. 'Counting for Something! Recognising Women's Contribution to the Global Economy through Alternative Accounting Systems'. Gender and Development 11 (1): 35-43.
- ^ Gregoratti, C. and Raphael, R. 2019. The Historical Roots of a Feminist 'Degrowth': Maria Mies's and Marilyn Waring's Critiques of Growth. in Chertkovskaya, E.; Paulsson, A., and Barca, S. edds. 2019. Towards a Political Economy of Degrowth, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers / Rowman & Littlefield International
- ^ Saunders, C., & Dalziel, P. (2017). Twenty-five years of counting for nothing: Waring's critique of national accounts. Feminist Economics, 23(2), 200-218.
- ^ "Counting on Marilyn Waring: New Advances in Feminist Economics". Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2014.
- .
- . Retrieved 25 February 2015.
- ISBN 9781927335277.
- ^ Benet, Lorenzo Benet (April 2, 1989). "Economics And The Invisible Woman". Los Angeles Daily News.
- ISBN 9781250313577.
- ISBN 0-06-250933-0.
- ISBN 0-333-49262-5.
- ^ "Counting for nothing : what men value and what women are worth". University of Toronto Libraries Library Catalogue. University of Toronto Libraries. Retrieved March 30, 2017.
- ^ "Marilyn Waring". The Institute of Politics at Harvard University. Retrieved 2018-03-20.