In-band signaling
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In
Telephony
When dialing from a land-line
Separating the control signals, also referred to as the control plane, from the data, if a bit-transparent connection is desired, is usually done by escaping the control instructions. Occasionally, however, networks are designed so that data is, to a varying degree, garbled by the signaling. Allowing data to become garbled is usually acceptable when transmitting sounds between humans, since the users rarely notice the slight degradation, but this leads to problems when sending data that has very low error tolerance, such as information transmitted using a modem.
In-band signaling is insecure because it exposes control signals, protocols and management systems to end users, which may result in falsing. In the 1960s and 1970s, so-called phone phreaks used blue boxes for deliberate falsing, in which the appropriate tones for routing were intentionally generated, enabling the caller to abuse functions intended for testing and administrative use and to make free long-distance calls.
Modems may also interfere with in-band signaling, in which case a guard tone may be employed to prevent this.
Voice over IP
In
In contrast to in-band transmission of DTMF, VoIP signaling protocols also implement out-of-band method of DTMF transmission. For example, the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), as well as the Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) define special message types for the transmission of digits.
Other applications
As a method of in-band signaling, DTMF tones were also used by
These DTMF sequences were sent by the originating cable network's equipment at the
SWITCH TO LOCAL NOW - SWITCH TO LOCAL NOW - PREPARE TO SWITCH BACK - PREPARE TO SWITCH BACK - SWITCH BACK TO NATIONAL NOW - SWITCH BACK TO NATIONAL NOW - "IF YOU HAVEN'T SWITCHED BACK TO NATIONAL NOW, DO SO IMMEDIATELY"
DTMF signaling in the cable industry was discontinued because it was distracting to viewers, and was susceptible to interference when DTMF tones were sounded by characters in television shows. For example, a character dialing a Touch-Tone telephone in a television show could cause the cable company computers to switch away from a "hot feed" to dead air, and the cost of human-imperceptible signaling technologies decreased.
In-band signaling applies only to
In computer data, the term refers to embedding any kind of metadata directly within regular data. These uses have similar tradeoffs as in telecommunications, such as opening an attack surface vs. simplifying processing. A few of many examples:
- Embedding a magic number at the very start of files, to signal the format or language of the following data.
- Embedding a NULL character as in C strings, to signal the end of the string (as opposed to keeping that information outside the string).
- Embedding markup within text, whether to categorize parts of the text, provide processing or formatting instructions, or for other purposes.
- Reserving some characters in regular expressions, such as "*", to have special processing meanings, rather than representing literals.
- Embedding ^Dcode, causing command-line programs to expect no further input from the user, and therefore to quit.
When out-of-band communication is unavailable, one of two techniques may be used to preserve network transparency.
- packet's headerand then removing the header (and/or footer) of the packet at the far end, restoring the data to be the same as the original.
- Bit stuffing: The insertion of non-information or escape characters to modify, synchronize and justify the data so it never looks like signaling information (and remove the stuffed bits and escape codes at the far end, restoring the data to be the same as the original).
See also
- Control character
- Escape sequence
- In-band control
- Line signaling
- Out-of-band control
- Quindar tones
- +++ (modem)
References
- ^ "Definition of signaling in/out-of-band". PCMAG. Retrieved 2021-10-17.
- ISBN 9781420040678.
- ISBN 9788184315905.
- ^ "E1 R2 Signaling Theory". Cisco. Retrieved 2018-01-05.
- ^ RFC 4733, RTP Payload for DTMF Digits, Telephony Tones, and Telephony Signals, Schulzrinne, Tayler (2006)