Interactive design

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Interactive design diagram

Interactive design is a user-oriented field of study that focuses on meaningful communication using media to create products through cyclical and collaborative processes between people and technology. Successful interactive designs have simple, clearly defined goals, a strong purpose and intuitive screen interface.[1][2][3]

Interactive design compared to interaction design

In some cases interactive design is equated to interaction design; however, in the specialized study of interactive design there are defined differences. To assist in this distinction, interaction design can be thought of as:

  • Making devices usable, useful, and fun, focusing on the efficiency and intuitive hardware[4]
  • A fusion of product design, computer science, and communication design [4]
  • A process of solving specific problems under a specific set of contextual circumstances[4]
  • The creation of form for the behavior of products, services, environments, and systems[5]
  • Making dialogue between technology and user invisible, i.e. reducing the limitations of communication through and with technology.[6]
  • About connecting people through various products and services,[7]

Whereas interactive design can be thought of as:

  • Giving purpose to interaction design through meaningful experiences [8]
  • Consisting of six main components including User control, Responsiveness, Real-Time Interactions, Connectedness, Personalization, and Playfulness [9]
  • Focuses on the use and experience of the software [10]
  • Retrieving and processing information through on-demand responsiveness [11]
  • Acting upon information to transform it [12]
  • The constant changing of information and media, regardless of changes in the device [13]
  • Providing interactivity through a focus on the capabilities and constraints of human cognitive processing [14]

While both definitions indicate a strong focus on the user, the difference arises from the purposes of interactive design and interaction design. In essence interactive design involves the creation of interactive products and services, while interaction design focuses on the design of those products and services.[15] Interaction design without interactive design provides only design concepts. Interactive design without interaction design may not built products good enough for the user.

History

Fluxus

Interactive Design is heavily influenced by the Fluxus movement, which focuses on a "do-it-yourself" aesthetic, anti-commercialism and an anti-art sensibility. Fluxus is different from Dada in its richer set of aspirations. Fluxus is not a modern-art movement or an art style, rather it is a loose international organization which consists of many artists from different countries. There are 12 core ideas that form Fluxus.[16][17][18]

  1. Globalism
  2. Unity of Art and Life
  3. Intermedia
  4. Experimentalism
  5. Chance
  6. Playfulness
  7. Simplicity
  8. Implicativeness
  9. Exemplativism
  10. Specificity
  11. Presence in time
  12. Musicality

Computers

The birth of the

mouse. With an early prototype created in 1963 by Douglas Engelbart, the mouse was conceptualized as a tool to make the computer more interactive.[19]

The Internet and Interactive Design

With the tendency of increasing use to the

Hypercard is relatively cheap and simple to operate. In the early 1990s, the hypertext concept has finally received some attention from humanist academics. We can see the acceptance through Jay David Bolters ' Writing Space (1991)', and George Landow's Hypertext.[20][21]

Advertising

Upon the transition from analogue to digital technology, one sees a further transition from digital technology to interactive media in advertising agencies. This transition caused many of the agencies to reexamine their business and try to stay ahead of the curve. Although it is a challenging transition, the creative potential of interactive design lies in combining almost all forms of media and information delivery: text, images, film, video and sound, and that in turn negates many boundaries for advertising agencies, making it a creative haven.[citation needed]

Hence, with this constant motion forward, agencies such as

digital age.[22][23][24][25]

Interactive new media art

Nowadays, following the development of science and technology, various new media appear in different areas, like art, industry and science. Most technologies described as "new media" are digital, often having characteristics of being manipulated, networkable, dense, compressible, and interactive (like the internet, video games and mobiles). In the industry field, companies no longer focus on products itself, they focus more on human-centered design. Therefore, "interactive" become an important element in the new media. Interactivity is not only computer and video signal presenting with each other, but it should be more referred to communication and respondence among viewers and works.

According to Selnow's (1988) theory, interactivity has three levels:

  1. Communicative Recognition: This communication is specific to the partner. Feedback is based on recognition of the partner. When a learner inputs information into a computer and the computer responds specifically to that input, there is mutual recognition. The menu format allows mutual recognition.
  2. Feedback: The responses are based on previous feedback. As the communication continues, the feedback progresses to reflect understanding. When a learner refines a search query and the computer responds with a refined list, message exchange is progressing.
  3. Information Flow: There is an opportunity for a two-way flow of information. It is necessary both the learner and the computer have means of exchanging information. The search engine tool allows for learner input via use of the keyboard and the computer responds with written information.[26]

New media has been described as the "mixture between existing cultural conventions and the conventions of software. For instance newspapers and television, they have been produced from traditional outlets to forms of interactive multimedia." New media can allow audiences access to content anytime, anywhere, on any digital device. It also promotes interactive feedback, participation, and community creation around the media content.

New media is a vague term to mean a whole slew of things. The Internet and social media are both forms of new media. Any type of technology that enables digital interactivity is a form of new media. Video games, as well as Facebook, would be a great example of a type of new media.[citation needed] New media art is simply art that utilizes these new media technologies, such as digital art, computer graphics, computer animation, virtual art, Internet art, and interactive art. New media art is very focused on the interactivity between the artist and the spectator.[27]

Many new media art works, such as Jonah Brucker-Cohen and Katherine Moriwaki's UMBRELLA.net and

My Boyfriend Came Back From The War, for example, visitors click through a series of frames on a Web page to reveal images and fragments of text. Although the elements of the story never change, the way the story unfolds is determined by each visitor's own actions.[29][30]

References

  1. ISBN 0-8273-8557-9
    .
  2. ^ Graham, Lisa. "The Profile System". University of Texas at Arlington.
  3. ISBN 978-1-886411-84-5
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 978-0-321-64339-1
    . Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  5. ^ "Carnegie Mellon - Interaction Design Program". Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  6. ISBN 978-0-12-380930-8
    . Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  7. ^ University of Washington - Interaction Design Course Description
  8. ^ Savannah College of Art and Design - Interactive Design and Game Development Program Description
  9. ^ "Interactivity and Revisits to Websites: A Theoretical Framework" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-09. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  10. ^ "Interaction Design Institute". Archived from the original on 2013-06-02. Retrieved 2020-01-24.
  11. ^ "Cognitive Design Solutions - Interactivity Defined". Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  12. ^ "University of Alberta". Archived from the original on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2012-10-29.
  13. ISBN 978-3-540-70568-0. Retrieved 29 October 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  14. ISBN 1-56496-904-5
    . Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  15. ^ Interaction Design Foundation - What is Interaction Design?
  16. ^ Art and Science of Interaction and Interface Design
  17. ISBN 2-88046-643-1
    .
  18. ^ Ken Friedman - Forty years of Fluxus Archived 2010-02-11 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ "NASA - Birth of the Mouse".
  20. ISBN 978-0-262-23227-2
    .
  21. ISBN 1-85177-433-5
    .
  22. ^ McCaren, Bridgid. "Welcome". Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  23. ^ O'Brian, Timothy (12 February 2006). "Madison Avenue's 30-Second Spot Remover". New York Times. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  24. ISBN 1-888001-63-1
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  25. ^ Greenberg, Robert. "R/GA Homepage". Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  26. hdl:10919/26815
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  27. ^ "Creating Art as a Community". ArtInteractive.org.
  28. ^ Dialtones: A Telesymphony
  29. ^ "New Media Art". the Enterprise Wiki. Archived from the original on 2010-07-05. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
  30. ISBN 0-240-80287-X
    .

Further reading
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